{"id":3058,"date":"2019-11-13T23:51:39","date_gmt":"2019-11-13T15:51:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.liangliang.org.cn\/?p=3058"},"modified":"2023-04-21T22:44:12","modified_gmt":"2023-04-21T14:44:12","slug":"%e4%b8%80%e5%8f%b0%e5%ae%89%e8%a3%85debian10%e7%9a%84x86%e5%8a%a0%e7%94%b5%e9%83%bd%e7%bb%8f%e5%8e%86%e4%ba%86%e4%bb%80%e4%b9%88%ef%bc%9f","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.liangliang.org.cn\/?p=3058","title":{"rendered":"\u4e00\u53f0\u5b89\u88c5Debian10\u7684x86\u52a0\u7535\u90fd\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>\u4eceBIOS\u5230GRUB<\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f00\u673a\u6216\u8005\u91cd\u542f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>BIOS\u52a0\u7535\uff0c\u81ea\u68c0\uff08Power On Self Test -- POST\uff09\u3002BIOS\u6267\u884c\u5185\u5b58\u5730\u5740\u4e3aFFFF:0000H\u5904\u7684\u8df3\u8f6c\u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u8df3\u8f6c\u5230\u56fa\u5316\u5728ROM\u4e2d\u7684\u81ea\u68c0\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5904\uff0c\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u786c\u4ef6\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5185\u5b58\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u68c0\u67e5\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8bfb\u53d6\u4e3b\u5f15\u5bfc\u8bb0\u5f55\uff08MBR\uff09\u3002\u5f53BIOS\u68c0\u67e5\u5230\u786c\u4ef6\u6b63\u5e38\u5e76\u4e0eCMOS\u4e2d\u7684\u8bbe\u7f6e\u76f8\u7b26\u540e\uff0c\u6309\u7167CMOS\u4e2d\u5bf9\u542f\u52a8\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u8bbe\u7f6e\u987a\u5e8f\u68c0\u6d4b\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u542f\u52a8\u8bbe\u5907\u3002BIOS\u5c06\u76f8\u5e94\u542f\u52a8\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6247\u533a\uff08\u4e5f\u5c31\u662fMBR\u6247\u533a\uff09\u8bfb\u5165\u5185\u5b58\u5730\u5740\u4e3a0000:7C00H\u5904\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u68c0\u67e50000:7DFEH-0000:7DFFH\uff08MBR\u7684\u7ed3\u675f\u6807\u5fd7\u4f4d\uff09\u662f\u5426\u7b49\u4e8e55AAH\uff0c\u82e5\u4e0d\u7b49\u4e8e\u5219\u8f6c\u53bb\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5176\u4ed6\u542f\u52a8\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u542f\u52a8\u8bbe\u5907\u6ee1\u8db3\u8981\u6c42\u5219\u663e\u793a\"NO ROM BASIC\"\u7136\u540e\u6b7b\u673a\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5f53\u68c0\u6d4b\u5230\u6709\u542f\u52a8\u8bbe\u5907\u6ee1\u8db3\u8981\u6c42\u540e\uff0cBIOS\u5c06\u63a7\u5236\u6743\u4ea4\u7ed9\u76f8\u5e94\u542f\u52a8\u8bbe\u5907\u3002\u542f\u52a8\u8bbe\u5907\u7684MBR\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u590d\u5236\u52300000:0600H\u5904\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7ee7\u7eed\u6267\u884c\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6839\u636eMBR\u4e2d\u7684\u5f15\u5bfc\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u542f\u52a8\u5f15\u5bfc\u7a0b\u5e8fGRUB\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0cBIOS\u4e0d\u4ec5\u68c0\u67e50000:7DFEH-0000:7DFFH\uff08MBR\u7684\u7ed3\u675f\u6807\u5fd7\u4f4d\uff09\u662f\u5426\u7b49\u4e8e55AAH\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u8fd8\u5bf9\u78c1\u76d8\u662f\u5426\u6709\u5199\u4fdd\u62a4\u3001\u4e3b\u5f15\u5bfc\u6247\u533a\u4e2d\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u6d3b\u52a8\u5206\u533a\u7b49\u8fdb\u884c\u68c0\u67e5\u3002\u5982\u679c\u53d1\u73b0\u78c1\u76d8\u6709\u5199\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u5219\u663e\u793a\u78c1\u76d8\u5199\u4fdd\u62a4\u51fa\u9519\u4fe1\u606f\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u53d1\u73b0\u78c1\u76d8\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u6d3b\u52a8\u5206\u533a\uff0c\u5219\u663e\u793a\u7c7b\u4f3c\u5982\u4e0b\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u201cRemove disk or other media Press any key to restart\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u5730\u5740\uff1a<strong>\u4e3b\u5f15\u5bfc\u6247\u533a<\/strong>MBR<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u4e3b\u5f15\u5bfc\u8bb0\u5f55<\/strong>\uff08Master Boot Record\uff0c\u7f29\u5199\uff1aMBR\uff09\uff0c\u53c8\u53eb\u505a<strong>\u4e3b\u5f15\u5bfc\u6247\u533a<\/strong>\uff0c\u662f[\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5f00\u673a\u540e\u8bbf\u95ee[\u786c\u76d8\u65f6\u6240\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u8bfb\u53d6\u7684\u9996\u4e2a\u6247\u533a\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u786c\u76d8\u4e0a\u7684\u4e09\u7ef4\u5730\u5740\u4e3a\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><strong>\uff08\u67f1\u9762\uff0c\u78c1\u5934\uff0c\u6247\u533a\uff09\uff1d\uff080\uff0c0\uff0c1\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u6df1\u5165\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e3b\u5f15\u5bfc\u6247\u533a\u5185\u90e8\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u4e5f\u5c06\u5176\u5f00\u5934\u7684446\u5b57\u8282\u5185\u5bb9\u7279\u6307\u4e3a\u201c\u4e3b\u5f15\u5bfc\u8bb0\u5f55\u201d\uff08MBR\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u540e\u662f4\u4e2a16\u5b57\u8282\u7684\u201c\u78c1\u76d8\u5206\u533a\u8868\u201d\uff08DPT\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca2\u5b57\u8282\u7684\u7ed3\u675f\u6807\u5fd7\uff0855AA\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u4e3b\u5f15\u5bfc\u8bb0\u5f55\u201d\uff08MBR\uff09\u8fd9\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u9700\u8981\u6839\u636e\u5177\u4f53\u60c5\u51b5\u5224\u65ad\u5176\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u6307\u6574\u4e2a\u4e3b\u5f15\u5bfc\u6247\u533a\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u4e3b\u5f15\u5bfc\u6247\u533a\u7684\u524d446\u5b57\u8282<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u91cc\u5c31\u8bb20-445\u5b57\u8282\uff0c\u548c446-512\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u5bf9\u5e94<strong>\u6807\u51c6MBR\u5206\u533a\u8868<\/strong>\uff0c\u548c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f15\u5bfc\u6807\u8bb0\u7b26\u6765\u4ee3\u66ff\uff0c\u800c\u53ef\u5f15\u5bfc\u6807\u8bb0\u7b26\u4e3a\u6700\u540e2\u5b57\u828255\u4e0eAA\uff0c\u5e72\u8106\u5c31\u53ebMBR\u5206\u533a\u8868\u548c55AA\u5427\u3002\u786c\u76d80-512\u5b57\u8282\u8868\u7ed3\u6784\u89c1\u56fe\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.liangliang.org.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/image-20191113114817697.png\" alt=\"image-20191113114817697\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>\u542f\u52a8\u4ee3\u7801<\/h2>\n<p>0-445\u5b57\u8282\u5b8c\u6210MBR\u4e2d\u7684\u5f15\u5bfc\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u52a0\u8f7d\u540e\uff0c\u5f15\u5bfc\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5f00\u59cb\u68c0\u67e5\u5206\u533a\u8868\uff08446-509\uff09\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u6027\u3002\u5c06\u63a7\u5236\u6743\u4ea4\u7ed9\u786c\u76d8\u4e0a\u7684\u5f15\u5bfc\u7a0b\u5e8fGNU GRUB<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u91cc\u9700\u8981\u8bf4\u660e\u7684\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u300e 64\u4e2a\u5b57\u8282\u7684<strong>\u786c\u76d8\u5206\u533a\u8868<\/strong>\uff0c\uff08446-510\uff09\uff1a\u7531\u4e8e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5206\u533a\u4fe1\u606f\u9700\u898116\u4e2a\u5b57\u8282\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5bf9\u4e8e\u91c7\u7528MBR\u578b\u5206\u533a\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u786c\u76d8\uff0c\u6700\u591a\u53ea\u80fd\u8bc6\u522b4\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u5206\u533a\uff08Primary partition\uff09\u300f<\/p>\n<p>\u73b0\u5728\u5df2\u7ecf\u641e\u6e05\u695a\u4e86\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u4e00\u8d77\u68b3\u7406\u4e00\u4e0b\u6d41\u7a0b\u5427\uff01<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>BIOS\u52a0\u7535\u81ea\u68c0\uff08Power On Self Test -- POST\uff09\u3002BIOS\u6267\u884c\u5185\u5b58\u5730\u5740\u4e3aFFFF:0000H\u5904\u7684\u8df3\u8f6c\u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u8df3\u8f6c\u5230\u56fa\u5316\u5728ROM\u4e2d\u7684\u81ea\u68c0\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5904\uff0c\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u786c\u4ef6\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5185\u5b58\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u68c0\u67e5\u3002<em>\uff08BIOS\u4e0d\u4ec5\u68c0\u67e50000:7DFEH-0000:7DFFH\uff08MBR\u7684\u7ed3\u675f\u6807\u5fd7\u4f4d\uff09\u662f\u5426\u7b49\u4e8e55AAH\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u8fd8\u5bf9\u78c1\u76d8\u662f\u5426\u6709\u5199\u4fdd\u62a4\u3001\u4e3b\u5f15\u5bfc\u6247\u533a\u4e2d\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u6d3b\u52a8\u5206\u533a\u7b49\u8fdb\u884c\u68c0\u67e5\u3002\u5982\u679c\u53d1\u73b0\u78c1\u76d8\u6709\u5199\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u5219\u663e\u793a\u78c1\u76d8\u5199\u4fdd\u62a4\u51fa\u9519\u4fe1\u606f\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u53d1\u73b0\u78c1\u76d8\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u6d3b\u52a8\u5206\u533a\uff0c\u5219\u663e\u793a\u7c7b\u4f3c\u5982\u4e0b\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u201cRemove disk or other media Press any key to restart\u201d\u3002\uff09<\/em><\/li>\n<li>\u8bfb\u53d6\u4e3b\u5f15\u5bfc\u8bb0\u5f55\uff08MBR\uff09\u3002\u5f53BIOS\u68c0\u67e5\u5230\u786c\u4ef6\u6b63\u5e38\u5e76\u4e0eCMOS\u4e2d\u7684\u8bbe\u7f6e\u76f8\u7b26\u540e\uff0c\u6309\u7167CMOS\u4e2d\u5bf9\u542f\u52a8\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u8bbe\u7f6e\u987a\u5e8f\u68c0\u6d4b\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u542f\u52a8\u8bbe\u5907\u3002<strong>BIOS\u5c06\u76f8\u5e94\u542f\u52a8\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6247\u533a\uff08\u4e5f\u5c31\u662fMBR\u6247\u533a\uff09\u8bfb\u5165\u5185\u5b58\u5730\u5740\u4e3a0000:7C00H\u5904\u3002<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u68c0\u67e50000:7DFEH-0000:7DFFH\uff08MBR\u7684\u7ed3\u675f\u6807\u5fd7\u4f4d\uff09\u662f\u5426\u7b49\u4e8e<strong>55AA<\/strong>H\uff0c\u82e5\u4e0d\u7b49\u4e8e\u5219\u8f6c\u53bb\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5176\u4ed6\u542f\u52a8\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u542f\u52a8\u8bbe\u5907\u6ee1\u8db3\u8981\u6c42\u5219\u663e\u793a\"NO ROM BASIC\"\u7136\u540e\u6b7b\u673a\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5f53\u68c0\u6d4b\u5230\u6709\u542f\u52a8\u8bbe\u5907\u6ee1\u8db3\u8981\u6c42\u540e\uff0c<strong>BIOS\u5c06\u63a7\u5236\u6743\u4ea4\u7ed9\u76f8\u5e94\u542f\u52a8\u8bbe\u5907<\/strong>\u3002\u542f\u52a8\u8bbe\u5907\u7684MBR\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u590d\u5236\u52300000:0600H\u5904\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7ee7\u7eed\u6267\u884c\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6839\u636eMBR\u4e2d\u7684\u5f15\u5bfc\u4ee3\u7801<strong>\u542f\u52a8\u5f15\u5bfc\u7a0b\u5e8fGrub<\/strong>\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.liangliang.org.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/image-20191113162103787.png\" alt=\"image-20191113162103787\" \/><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.liangliang.org.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/image-20191113162653665.png\" alt=\"image-20191113162653665\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>\u300cWindows\u7684PBR\u8ba4\u8bc6FAT32\u548cNTFS\u4e24\u79cd\u5206\u533a\uff0c\u627e\u5230\u5206\u533a\u6839\u76ee\u5f55\u7684bootmgr\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u52a0\u8f7d\u3001\u6267\u884cbootmgr\u3002<\/em><br \/>\n<em>bootmgr\u6ca1\u4e86MBR\u548cPBR\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4e8b\u3002\u5b83\u4f1a\u52a0\u8f7d\u5e76\u5206\u6790BCD\u542f\u52a8\u9879\u5b58\u50a8\u3002\u800c\u4e14bootmgr\u53ef\u4ee5\u8de8\u8d8a\u78c1\u76d8\u8bfb\u53d6\u6587\u4ef6\u4e86\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u65e0\u8bba\u4f60\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u78c1\u76d8\uff0c\u4f60\u5728\u591a\u5c11\u5757\u78c1\u76d8\u4e0a\u88c5\u4e86Windows\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7535\u8111\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2abootmgr\u5c31\u884c\u4e86\u3002bootmgr\u4f1a\u53bb\u52a0\u8f7d\u67d0\u78c1\u76d8\u67d0NTFS\u5206\u533a\u7684\\Windows\\System32\\WinLoad.exe\uff0c\u540e\u9762\u542f\u52a8Windows\u7684\u4e8b\u5c31\u7531WinLoad.exe\u6765\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u3002\u300d<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u5f00\u673a\u540e\uff0c\u56fa\u5316\u5728ROM\u91cc\u7684BIOS\u5c31\u4f1a\u88ab\u52a0\u8f7d\u5230\u5185\u5b58\u8fd0\u884c\uff0cBIOS\u81ea\u68c0\u5b8c\u6bd5\u4ee5\u540e\u52a0\u8f7dCOMS\u7684\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7COMS\u7684\u53c2\u6570\uff0cBIOS\u7a0b\u5e8f\u52a0\u8f7d\u542f\u52a8\u78c1\u76d8\u7684MBR\u5230\u5185\u5b58\u91cc\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u8fd0\u884cMBR\u7684\u5f15\u5bfc\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u8fd9\u6bb5\u4ee3\u7801\u4f1a\u67e5\u627e\u6d3b\u52a8\u5206\u533a\uff08BIOS\u4e0d\u8ba4\u8bc6\u6d3b\u52a8\u5206\u533a\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u6bb5\u4ee3\u7801\u8ba4\u8bc6\u6d3b\u52a8\u5206\u533a\uff09\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u52a0\u8f7d\u5e76\u6267\u884c\u6d3b\u52a8\u5206\u533a\u7684PBR\uff08\u53e6\u4e00\u6bb5\u5f15\u5bfc\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff09\uff0c\u4e0eMBR\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0cPBR\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u540e\u52a0\u8f7d\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5f15\u5bfc\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5230\u5185\u5b58\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982Windows\u7684bootmgr\u6216Linux\u7684GRUB\u3002\u5f53\u5f15\u5bfc\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fd0\u884c\u540e\uff0c\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5185\u6838\u5c31\u88ab\u52a0\u8f7d\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u5b8c\u6210\u4eceBIOS\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u63a5\u624b\u7684\u5f15\u5bfc\u6d41\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5230\u4e86\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u5f15\u51faGRUB\u4e86\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684GPT\u5206\u533a\u5462\uff1fUEFI\u5f15\u5bfc\u5462\uff1f\u662f\u5426\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u6d41\u7a0b\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u4e86 BIOSGPT\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u542f\u52a8GRUB\u7684\u5427\u3002<\/p>\n<h1>\u4eceUEFI\u5230GRUB<\/h1>\n<p>BIOS\u5230GRUB\u5df2\u7ecf\u660e\u786e\u4e86\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u6765\u770b\u770b UEFI\u7684\u542f\u52a8\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u6211\u6700\u4e0d\u60f3\u9610\u8ff0\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3aUEFI\u529f\u80fd\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5f3a\u5927\u65e0\u6bd4\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u65e0\u6cd5\u5f88\u5feb\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u6e05\u695a\u3002\u5148\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u8bfb\u61c2GPT\u5206\u533a\u5427\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u5168\u5c40\u552f\u4e00\u6807\u8bc6\u5206\u533a\u8868\uff08GPT\uff09<\/h2>\n<p>\u5728\u89e3\u91ca\u539f\u751fUEFI\u7684\u5f15\u5bfc\u52a8\u4f5c\u65f6\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u7406\u89e3GPT\u5206\u533a\u3002\u5168\u5c40\u552f\u4e00\u6807\u8bc6\u5206\u533a\u8868\uff08GUID Partition Table\uff0c\u7f29\u5199\uff1aGPT\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f53\u786c\u76d8\u7684\u5206\u533a\u8868\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u5e03\u5c40\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u53ef\u6269\u5c55\u56fa\u4ef6\u63a5\u53e3\uff08UEFI\uff09\u6807\u51c6\uff08\u88abIntel\u7528\u4e8e\u66ff\u4ee3\u4e2a\u4eba\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684BIOS\uff09\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u66ff\u4ee3BIOS\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e0032bits\u6765\u5b58\u50a8\u903b\u8f91\u5757\u5730\u5740\u548c\u5927\u5c0f\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u4e3b\u5f15\u5bfc\u8bb0\u5f55\uff08MBR\uff09\u5206\u533a\u8868\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u6247\u533a\u4e3a512\u5b57\u8282\u7684\u78c1\u76d8\uff0cMBR\u5206\u533a\u8868\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u5bb9\u91cf\u5927\u4e8e2.2TB\uff082.2\u00d710^12\u5b57\u8282\uff09\u7684\u5206\u533a\uff0c\u65e2\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5728\u78c1\u76d8\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u903b\u8f91\u6247\u533a\uff0cLBA0\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u903b\u8f91\u6247\u533a\u4ec5\u6709512B\uff08\u5b57\u8282\uff09\uff0c\u5206\u7ed9MBR\u5206\u533a\u8868\u7684\u53ea\u670964B\uff0c<strong>\u75314\u4e2a16B\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u5206\u533a\uff0c\u786c\u76d8\u4e3b\u5206\u533a\u6570\u76ee\u4e0d\u80fd\u8d85\u8fc74\u4e2a<\/strong>\uff0c<strong>MBR\u5206\u533a\u8868\u6700\u5927\u53ef\u5bfb\u5740\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u7a7a\u95f4\u53ea\u67092TB<\/strong>\uff082^32 * 512\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u6807\u51c6MBR\u7ed3\u6784\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.liangliang.org.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/image-20191113133012493.png\" alt=\"image-20191113133012493\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u6709\u4e9b\u786c\u76d8\u5382\u5546\u5236\u9020\u4e86\u517c\u5bb9mbr\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5bb9\u91cf\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u78c1\u76d8\u5347\u7ea7\u52304KB\u7684\u6247\u533a\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740MBR\u7684\u6709\u6548\u5bb9\u91cf\u4e0a\u9650\u63d0\u5347\u523016 TiB\uff0c\u5f7b\u5934\u5f7b\u5c3e\u7684\u4f5c\u5f0a\u554a\uff01\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u6807\u51c6GPT\u7ed3\u6784\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.liangliang.org.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/image-20191113133406855.png\" alt=\"image-20191113133406855\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u56fe\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff1aGPT\u5206\u4e3a\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u4fdd\u62a4\u6027MBR\uff1a<\/strong> \u5904\u4e8e\u4f4d\u7f6eLBA0,\u662f\u5728CPT\u5206\u533a\u8868\u7684\u5f00\u5934\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u517c\u5bb9\u6027\u800c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u7684MBR\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u5f15\u5bfc\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u6807\u8bc6\u4e3a\u672a\u77e5\u7684\u5206\u533a\uff0c\u5f53\u652f\u6301GPT\u5206\u533a\u8868\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u68c0\u7d22\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2aMBR\u540e\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u5ffd\u7565\u5e76\u8df3\u5230LBA1\u8bfb\u53d6CGT\u5206\u533a\u8868\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>GPT\u5934\uff1a<\/strong>\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u786c\u76d8\u7684\u53ef\u63a7\u4ef6\u548c\u7ec4\u6210\u5206\u533a\u8868\u7684\u9879\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u548c\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u8fd8\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u8fd9\u5757\u786c\u76d8\u7684GUID\uff0c\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u5206\u533a\u8868\u5934\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u548c\u5927\u5c0f\u4ee5\u53ca\u5907\u4efd\u5206\u533a\u8868\u5934\u548c\u5206\u533a\u8868\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u548c\u5927\u5c0f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u5206\u533a\u8868\uff1a<\/strong>\u7528\u4e8e\u5b58\u50a8\u5206\u533a\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u5982\uff08\u5206\u533a\u7c7b\u578bGUID\uff0c\u8d77\u59cbLBA\uff0c\u672b\u5c3eLBA\u7b49\uff09<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u5206\u533a\uff1a<\/strong>\u662f\u7269\u7406\u78c1\u76d8\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4f5c\u7528\u5982\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7269\u7406\u5206\u9694\u5355\u5143\u3002\u5176\u57fa\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\u5b58\u5728\u5206\u533a\u8868\u4e2d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u5206\u533a\u8868\u5907\u4efd<\/strong>\u5bf9\u5206\u533a\u8868\u8fdb\u884c\u5907\u4efd<\/li>\n<li><strong>GPT\u5934\u5907\u4efd<\/strong>\u5bf9GPT\u5934\u8fdb\u884c\u5907\u4efd\u3002\u5904\u4e8e\u786c\u76d8\u6700\u540e\u9762<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>UEFI \u4e0eBIOS\u542f\u52a8\u539f\u7406\u4e0d\u540c<\/h2>\n<p>GPT\u662f\u57fa\u4e8eUEFI\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64BIOS\u662f\u65e0\u6cd5\u5f15\u5bfcGPT\u78c1\u76d8\u91cc\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662fGPT\u5374\u53ef\u4ee5\u517c\u5bb9BIOS\u5f15\u5bfc\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5728GPT\u5206\u533a\u8868\u7684\u6700\u5f00\u5934\uff0c\u51fa\u4e8e\u517c\u5bb9\u6027BIOS\u5f15\u5bfc\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u50a8\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u4f20\u7edf\u7684MBR\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u9632\u6b62\u4e0d\u652f\u6301GPT\u7684\u786c\u76d8\u7ba1\u7406\u5de5\u5177\u9519\u8bef\u8bc6\u522b\u5e76\u7834\u574f\u786c\u76d8\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2aMBR\u4e5f\u53eb\u505a\u4fdd\u62a4MBR\u3002\u5728\u652f\u6301\u4eceGPT\u542f\u52a8\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e5f\u7528\u4e8e\u5b58\u50a8\u7b2c\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u542f\u52a8\u4ee3\u7801\uff08\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f1a\u5728GRUB\u4e2d\u7ec6\u8c08\uff09\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2aMBR\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a<strong>\u6807\u8bc6\u4e3a0xEE\u7684\u5206\u533a<\/strong>\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u6765\u8868\u793a\u8fd9\u5757\u786c\u76d8\u4f7f\u7528GPT\u5206\u533a\u8868\u3002\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bc6\u522bGPT\u786c\u76d8\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u8bc6\u522b\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u672a\u77e5\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5206\u533a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u62d2\u7edd\u5bf9\u786c\u76d8\u8fdb\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u7528\u6237\u7279\u522b\u8981\u6c42\u5220\u9664\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5206\u533a\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u907f\u514d\u4e86\u610f\u5916\u5220\u9664\u5206\u533a\u7684\u5371\u9669\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u8bc6\u522bGPT\u5206\u533a\u8868\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f1a\u68c0\u67e5\u4fdd\u62a4MBR\u4e2d\u7684\u5206\u533a\u8868\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5206\u533a\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0d\u662f0xEE\u6216\u8005MBR\u5206\u533a\u8868\u4e2d\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u9879\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u62d2\u7edd\u5bf9\u786c\u76d8\u8fdb\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u9884\u7559\u5c31\u8bde\u751f\u4e86<strong>MBR\/GPT\u6df7\u5408\u5206\u533a\u8868<\/strong>\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528MBR\/GPT\u6df7\u5408\u5206\u533a\u8868\u7684\u786c\u76d8\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u5b58\u50a8\u4e86GPT\u5206\u533a\u8868\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u5206\u533a\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u524d\u56db\u4e2a\u5206\u533a\uff09\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u4eceGPT\u542f\u52a8\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2aMBR\u542f\u52a8\uff0c\u542f\u52a8\u540e\u53ea\u80fd\u64cd\u4f5cMBR\u5206\u533a\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u5206\u533a\u3002\u5982Boot Camp\u5c31\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u542f\u52a8Windows\u3002\uff08UEFI \u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff0c\u5176\u56fa\u4ef6\u5177\u6709 BIOS \u517c\u5bb9\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4f60\u6253\u7b97\u4e00\u76f4\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u9879\u517c\u5bb9\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u5728\u542f\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f60\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u5c31\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e BIOS \u7684\u3002\u4f60\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u50cf BIOS \u542f\u52a8\u4e00\u6837\u8fdb\u884c\u6240\u9700\u64cd\u4f5c\u5373\u53ef\uff0c\u5f3a\u70c8\u5efa\u8bae\u4e0d\u8981\u6df7\u5408\u4f7f\u7528\u539f\u751f UEFI \u542f\u52a8\u548c BIOS \u517c\u5bb9\u542f\u52a8\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u4e0d\u8981\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u5757\u78c1\u76d8\u4e0a\u6df7\u7528\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u80fd\u628a BIOS \u542f\u52a8\u7684\u539f\u7406\u76f4\u63a5\u5957\u7528\u5230\u539f\u751f UEFI \u542f\u52a8\u4e0a\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u5382\u5546\u7684UEFI\u56fa\u4ef6\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u67d0\u79cd BIOS \u517c\u5bb9\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a CSM\u3002\u8bb8\u591a UEFI \u56fa\u4ef6\u53ef\u4ee5\u50cf BIOS \u56fa\u4ef6\u4e00\u6837\u542f\u52a8\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u67e5\u627e\u78c1\u76d8\u4e0a\u7684 MBR\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4ece MBR \u4e2d\u6267\u884c\u542f\u52a8\u88c5\u8f7d\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u63a5\u7740\u5c06\u540e\u7eed\u5de5\u4f5c\u5b8c\u5168\u4ea4\u7ed9\u542f\u52a8\u88c5\u8f7d\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6709\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u8bef\u5c06\u6b64\u529f\u80fd\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u7981\u7528 UEFI\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u7cfb\u7edf\u56fa\u4ef6\u662f\u65e0\u6cd5\u201c\u7981\u7528\u201d\u7684\uff0c\u770b\u4e86\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4f60\u5c31\u4e0d\u8981\u91c7\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u8352\u8c2c\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u4e86\u3002\u4e25\u7981\u7684\u8bf4\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u4ee5\u201c<strong>\u517c\u5bb9BIOS \u98ce\u683c<\/strong>\u201d\u542f\u52a8\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u91c7\u7528\u539f\u751f UEFI \u65b9\u5f0f\u542f\u52a8\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u539f\u751f UEFI \u65b9\u5f0f\u542f\u52a8\u7cfb\u7edf:<\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.liangliang.org.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/image-20191113161724883.png\" alt=\"image-20191113161724883\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>UEFI-CSM\uff08BIOS\u517c\u5bb9\u6a21\u5f0f\uff09\uff1a<\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.liangliang.org.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/image-20191113161843624.png\" alt=\"image-20191113161843624\" \/><\/p>\n<p>UEFI\u904d\u5386\u78c1\u76d8\u4e0a\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a EFI \u7cfb\u7edf\u5206\u533a\uff08\u6309\u7167\u78c1\u76d8\u4e0a\u7684\u5206\u533a\u987a\u5e8f\uff09\u3002\u5728 ESP \u5185\uff0c\u56fa\u4ef6\u5c06\u67e5\u627e\u4f4d\u4e8e\u7279\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u5177\u6709\u7279\u5b9a\u540d\u79f0\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u67e5\u627e\u7684\u662f \\EFI\\BOOT\\BOOT{\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7c7b\u578b\u7b80\u79f0}.EFI\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u201cx64\u201d\u662f x86-64 PC \u7684\u201c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7c7b\u578b\u7b80\u79f0\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\uff1a<\/p>\n<pre><code>BOOTIA32.EFI (x86-32)\u3001BOOTIA64.EFI (Itanium)\u3001BOOTARM.EFI\u3001BOOTAA64.EFI\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>\u300cEFI\u7cfb\u7edf\u5206\u533a<\/strong>\uff08\u82f1\u8bed\uff1a<strong>EFI system partition<\/strong>\uff0c\u7b80\u5199\u4e3a<strong>ESP<\/strong>\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2aFAT\u6216FAT32\u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u78c1\u76d8\u5206\u533a\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5176\u5206\u533a\u6807\u8bc6\u662fEF (\u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236) \u800c\u975e\u5e38\u89c4\u76840E\u62160C\u3002UEFI\u56fa\u4ef6\u53ef\u4eceESP\u52a0\u8f7dEFI\u542f\u52a8\u7a0b\u5f0f\u6216\u8005EFI\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5f0f\u3002\u300d<\/p>\n<p>\u56fa\u4ef6\u5c06\u6267\u884c\u627e\u5230\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u6548\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5728UEFI\u7cfb\u7edf\u542f\u52a8\u540e\uff0cGUID\u5206\u533a\u8868\u5c31\u4f1a\u88ab\u8bc6\u522b\uff0c\u4e4b\u540eEFI\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c31\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7.efi\u6587\u4ef6\u542f\u52a8Boot Loader\u7a0b\u5e8f\u52a0\u8f7d\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5185\u6838\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>BIOS\u548cUEFI\u5bf9\u6bd4\uff1a<\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.liangliang.org.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/image-20191113153612422.png\" alt=\"image-20191113153612422\" \/><\/p>\n<h1>\u7ec8\u4e8e\u5230\u4e86GRUB<\/h1>\n<p>\u4e0d\u7ba1\u662fUEFI \u8fd8\u662f BIOS\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u627e\u5230\u53ef\u5f15\u5bfc\u78c1\u76d8\uff0c\u53bb\u52a0\u8f7d<strong>\u5f15\u5bfc\u7a0b\u5e8fGRUB<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f15\u5bfc\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u5c31\u662f\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662fLinux\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u542f\u52a8<strong>Kernel<\/strong>\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u6307\u5411Init<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.liangliang.org.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/image-20191113160138106.png\" alt=\"image-20191113160138106\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd8\u6ca1\u5199\u5b8c\u5148\u628a\u5bfc\u5f15\u56fe\u653e\u597d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5f53\u524d\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684Linux\u53d1\u884c\u7248\u90fd\u5df2\u91c7\u7528systemd\u4ee3\u66ff\u539f\u6765\u7684System V\u4e0e init\uff0c\u5e72\u8106\u603b\u7ed3\u4e00\u4e0b\u5427\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>systemd\u662fLinux\u7535\u8111\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7684\u4e00\u5957\u4e2d\u592e\u5316\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ca\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7ba1\u7406\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff08init\uff09\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6709\u5b88\u62a4\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3001\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5e93\u4ee5\u53ca\u5e94\u7528\u8f6f\u4ef6\uff0c\u7531Lennart Poettering\u5e26\u5934\u5f00\u53d1\u3002\u5176\u5f00\u53d1\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u4ee5\u8868\u793a\u7cfb\u7edf\u670d\u52a1\u95f4\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e76\u4f9d\u6b64\u5b9e\u73b0\u7cfb\u7edf\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u65f6\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u5e76\u884c\u542f\u52a8\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8fbe\u5230\u964d\u4f4eShell\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f00\u9500\u7684\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u4ee3\u66ff\u73b0\u5728\u5e38\u7528\u7684System V\u4e0eBSD\u98ce\u683cinit\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>\u8fd9\u91cc\u5148\u8c08\u4e00\u4e0b\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u4eceinit\uff0c\u5230System V\uff0c\u5728\u5230systemd\u3002<\/h3>\n<p>\u5386\u53f2\u600e\u4e48\u8c08\uff0c\u592a\u96be\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3054\" src=\"https:\/\/www.liangliang.org.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/attach-11-17-300x217.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"835\" height=\"604\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.liangliang.org.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/attach-11-17-300x217.png 300w, https:\/\/www.liangliang.org.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/attach-11-17-768x557.png 768w, https:\/\/www.liangliang.org.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/attach-11-17-1024x742.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.liangliang.org.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/attach-11-17-317x230.png 317w, https:\/\/www.liangliang.org.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/attach-11-17.png 1402w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 835px) 100vw, 835px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>1969\u5e74\u5c31\u8fd9\u6837\u5230\u4e861991\u5e74\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u6709\u4e86Linux \u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5728\u4fdd\u7559\u7740Unix\u5f15\u5bfc\u98ce\u683c\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u542f\u52a8\u4e86 BIOS\uff0c\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u8fdb\u5165 boot loader\uff0c\u7531 bootloader \u8f7d\u5165\u5185\u6838\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u5185\u6838\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u3002\u5185\u6838\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6b65\u5c31\u662f\u542f\u52a8 pid \u4e3a 1 \u7684 init \u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002\u5b83\u8d1f\u8d23\u4ea7\u751f\u5176\u4ed6\u6240\u6709\u7528\u6237\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>init \u4ee5\u5b88\u62a4\u8fdb\u7a0b\u65b9\u5f0f\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u662f\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u7956\u5148\u3002init \u8fdb\u7a0b\u975e\u5e38\u72ec\u7279\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u5b8c\u6210\u5176\u4ed6\u8fdb\u7a0b\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Init \u7cfb\u7edf\u80fd\u591f\u5b9a\u4e49\u3001\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u63a7\u5236 init \u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5b83\u8d1f\u8d23\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u8fd0\u884c\u8bb8\u591a\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u6216\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u59cb\u5316\u5de5\u4f5c(\u56e0\u6b64\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a init \u7cfb\u7edf)\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8ba9\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u5165\u67d0\u79cd\u7528\u6237\u9884\u8ba2\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5c06\u5185\u6838\u8fd0\u884c\u8d77\u6765\u662f\u6beb\u65e0\u5b9e\u9645\u7528\u9014\u7684\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u7531 init \u7cfb\u7edf\u5c06\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ee3\u5165\u53ef\u64cd\u4f5c\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u542f\u52a8\u5916\u58f3 shell \u540e\uff0c\u4fbf\u6709\u4e86\u4eba\u673a\u4ea4\u4e92\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6267\u884c\u4e00\u4e9b\u9884\u8ba2\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5b8c\u6210\u6709\u5b9e\u9645\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u6216\u8005\u542f\u52a8 X \u56fe\u5f62\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ee5\u4fbf\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u4f73\u7684\u4eba\u673a\u754c\u9762\uff0c\u66f4\u52a0\u9ad8\u6548\u7684\u5b8c\u6210\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u5b57\u7b26\u754c\u9762\u7684 shell \u6216\u8005 X \u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u9884\u8bbe\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5927\u591a\u6570 Linux \u53d1\u884c\u7248\u7684 init \u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u548c System V \u76f8\u517c\u5bb9\u7684\uff0c\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a sysvinit\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u6700\u719f\u6089\u7684 init \u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u540e\u6765\u4e00\u4e9b\u53d1\u884c\u7248\u5982 Slackware\u4e00\u76f4\u91c7\u7528 BSD \u98ce\u683c Init \u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u518d\u540e\u6765Debian\/Ubuntu \u548c RHEL \u91c7\u7528 upstart \u66ff\u4ee3\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u7684 sysvinit\u3002\u800c Fedora\u7248\u672c15\u53c8\u5f00\u59cb\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a systemd \u7684\u65b0 init \u7cfb\u7edf\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86upstart\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u53d1\u884c\u7248\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684 init \u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u4f1f\u5927\u7684pid 1\uff0c\u4ece\u65e0\u5230\u6709\uff0c\u4ece0\u52301\uff0c\u4ece1969\u52302019\u3002duang\u7684\u4e00\u58f0\u5386\u53f2\u8c08\u5b8c\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>Sysvinit\uff08system V \uff09 \u6982\u51b5<\/h2>\n<p>UNIX System V\u662fUnix\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f17\u591a\u7248\u672c\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u652f\u3002\u5b83\u6700\u521d\u7531AT&amp;T\u5f00\u53d1\uff0c\u57281983\u5e74\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u53d1\u5e03\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3aAT&amp;T System V\u3002\u4e00\u5171\u53d1\u884c\u4e864\u4e2aSystem V\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7248\u672c\uff1a\u7248\u672c1\u30012\u30013\u548c4\u3002System V Release 4\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u79f0\u4e3aSVR4\uff0c\u662f\u6700\u6210\u529f\u7684\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e9bUNIX\u5171\u540c\u7279\u6027\u7684\u6e90\u5934\uff0c<strong>\u4f8b\u5982\u201cSysV \u521d\u59cb\u5316\u811a\u672c\u201d\uff08\/etc\/init.d\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u800csysvinit \u5c31\u662f system V \u98ce\u683c\u7684 init \u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u987e\u540d\u601d\u4e49\uff0c\u5b83\u6e90\u4e8e System V \u7cfb\u5217 UNIX\u3002\u5b83\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6bd4 BSD \u98ce\u683c init \u7cfb\u7edf\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u3002\u662f\u5df2\u7ecf\u98ce\u884c\u4e86\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u7684 UNIX init \u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u88ab\u5404\u7c7b Linux \u53d1\u884c\u7248\u6240\u91c7\u7528\u3002\u5728 Linux \u4e3b\u8981\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u548c PC \u673a\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0cSysVinit \u8fd0\u884c\u975e\u5e38\u826f\u597d\uff0c\u6982\u5ff5\u7b80\u5355\u6e05\u6670\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e Shell\u7684\u811a\u672c\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u5b83\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5f31\u70b9\uff1a\u542f\u52a8\u592a\u6162\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u5f88\u5c11\u91cd\u65b0\u542f\u52a8\u7684 Server \u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7f3a\u70b9\u5e76\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u800c\u5f53 Linux \u88ab\u5e94\u7528\u5230\u79fb\u52a8\u7ec8\u7aef\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u542f\u52a8\u6162\u5c31\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u66f4\u5feb\u5730\u542f\u52a8\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u6539\u8fdb sysvinit\uff0c\u5148\u540e\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86 upstart \u548c systemd \u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u65b0\u4e00\u4ee3 init \u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Upstart \u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u53d1\u4e86 8 \u5e74\u591a\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u5c11\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5df2\u7ecf\u66ff\u6362 sysvinit\uff0c\u800cSystemd \u51fa\u73b0\u8f83\u665a\uff0c\u4f46\u53d1\u5c55\u66f4\u5feb\uff0cDebian Centos\u90fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u91c7\u7528Systemd\u53d6\u4ee3 upstart\u3002<\/p>\n<p>inittab\u5728RHEL 7\u4e2d\u5c31\u5df2\u6d88\u5931\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u662fCentos\u8fd8\u662f\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86inittab\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u770b\u91cc\u9762\u8bf4\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">-bash-4.2$ cat \/etc\/inittab\n# inittab is no longer used when using systemd.\n\uff08systemd\u4e0d\u518d\u4f7f\u7528inittab\uff09\n#\n# ADDING CONFIGURATION HERE WILL HAVE NO EFFECT ON YOUR SYSTEM.\n\uff08\u5728\u6b64\u5904\u6dfb\u52a0\u914d\u7f6e\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5bf9\u60a8\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ea7\u751f\u4efb\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\uff09\n#\n# Ctrl-Alt-Delete is handled by \/usr\/lib\/systemd\/system\/ctrl-alt-del.target\n\uff08Ctrl-Alt-Delete\u7531\/usr\/lib\/systemd\/system\/ctrl-alt-del.target\u5904\u7406\uff09\n#\n# systemd uses &#039;targets&#039; instead of runlevels. By default, there are two main targets:\n\uff08systemd\u4f7f\u7528\u201ctargets\u201d\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8fd0\u884c\u7ea7\u522b\u3002 \u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981targets\uff1a\uff09\n#\n# multi-user.target: analogous to runlevel 3\n\uff08multi-user.target\uff1a\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u8fd0\u884c\u7ea7\u522b3\uff09\n# graphical.target: analogous to runlevel 5\n\uff08graphic.target\uff1a\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u8fd0\u884c\u7ea7\u522b5\uff09\n#\n# To view current default target, run:\n# systemctl get-default\n\uff08\u8981\u67e5\u770b\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u8bf7\u8fd0\u884c\uff1asystemctl get-default\uff09\n#\n# To set a default target, run:\n# systemctl set-default TARGET.target\n\uff08\u8bbe\u7f6e\u9ed8\u8ba4target,\u8fd0\u884c\uff1asystemctl set-default TARGET.target\uff09\n#<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u8fd9\u91cc\u91cd\u70b9<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e00\u3001systemd\u4ee3\u66ff\u4e86sysvinit<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u3001runlevel\uff08\u8fd0\u884c\u7ea7\u522b\uff09\u88ab TARGET\uff08\u76ee\u6807\uff09\u6240\u66ff\u6362<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e09\u3001\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5982\u4f55\u67e5\u770b\u9ed8\u8ba4\u548c\u4fee\u6539\u8fd0\u884ctarget<\/p>\n<pre><code>systemctl get-default\nsystemctl set-default TARGET.target\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>\u8fd0\u884c\u7ea7\u522b<\/h3>\n<p>\u4e3a\u4e86\u641e\u660e\u767dtarget\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u5148\u641e\u660e\u767d\u8fd0\u884c\u7ea7\u522b<\/p>\n<p>\u5728Sysvinit \u7528\u672f\u8bed runlevel \u6765\u5b9a\u4e49&quot;\u9884\u8ba2\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u6a21\u5f0f&quot;\u3002<\/p>\n<p>RHEL5\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u73a9\u5bb6\uff0c\u90fd\u77e5\u9053Sysvinit \u4f1a\u68c0\u67e5 '\/etc\/inittab' \u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u662f\u5426\u542b\u6709 'initdefault' \u9879\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u544a\u8bc9 init \u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u5426\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8fd0\u884c\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u7528\u6237\u5c06\u8fdb\u5165\u7cfb\u7edf\u63a7\u5236\u53f0\uff0c\u624b\u52a8\u51b3\u5b9a\u8fdb\u5165\u4f55\u79cd\u8fd0\u884c\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>sysvinit \u4e2d\u8fd0\u884c\u6a21\u5f0f\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u5404\u79cd\u9884\u8ba2\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u6709 8 \u79cd\u8fd0\u884c\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u8fd0\u884c\u6a21\u5f0f 0 \u5230 6 \u548c S \u6216\u8005 s\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6bcf\u79cd Linux \u53d1\u884c\u7248\u5bf9\u8fd0\u884c\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u90fd\u4e0d\u592a\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u4f46 0\uff0c1\uff0c6 \u5374\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5927\u5bb6\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u8d5e\u540c\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>0 \u5173\u673a<\/li>\n<li>1 \u5355\u7528\u6237\u6a21\u5f0f<\/li>\n<li>6 \u91cd\u542f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u901a\u5e38\u5728 \/etc\/inittab \u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u8fd0\u884c\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u6bd4\u5982 RedHat \u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86 runlevel 3 \u548c 5\u3002\u8fd0\u884c\u6a21\u5f0f 3 \u5c06\u7cfb\u7edf\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u4e3a\u5b57\u7b26\u754c\u9762\u7684 shell \u6a21\u5f0f\uff1b\u8fd0\u884c\u6a21\u5f0f 5 \u5c06\u7cfb\u7edf\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u4e3a GUI \u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u754c\u9762\u8fd8\u662f GUI\uff0c\u8fd0\u884c\u6a21\u5f0f 3 \u548c 5 \u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u8fd0\u884c\u6a21\u5f0f\u800c\u8a00\u90fd\u662f\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b8c\u6210\u7528\u6237\u9700\u8981\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u800c\u6a21\u5f0f 1\uff0cS \u7b49\u5f80\u5f80\u7528\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u6545\u969c\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u6392\u9519\u548c\u6062\u590d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f88\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u7cfb\u7edf\u9700\u8981\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u548c\u9700\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u51c6\u5907\u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u8fd0\u884c\u6a21\u5f0f 3 \u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u542f\u52a8 X \u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u7528\u6237\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u6307\u5b9a\u9700\u8981\u8fdb\u5165\u54ea\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0csysvinit \u5c06\u8d1f\u8d23\u6267\u884c\u6240\u6709\u8be5\u6a21\u5f0f\u6240\u5fc5\u987b\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>sysvinit \u8fd0\u884c\u987a\u5e8f<\/h3>\n<p>Sysvinit \u5de7\u5999\u5730\u7528\u811a\u672c\uff0c\u6587\u4ef6\u547d\u540d\u89c4\u5219\u548c\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e0d\u540c\u7684 runlevel\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0csysvinit \u9700\u8981\u8bfb\u53d6\/etc\/inittab \u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u5206\u6790\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5b83\u83b7\u5f97\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e9b\u914d\u7f6e\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7cfb\u7edf\u9700\u8981\u8fdb\u5165\u7684 runlevel<\/li>\n<li>\u6355\u83b7\u7ec4\u5408\u952e\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49<\/li>\n<li>\u5b9a\u4e49\u7535\u6e90 fail\/restore \u811a\u672c<\/li>\n<li>\u542f\u52a8 getty \u548c\u865a\u62df\u63a7\u5236\u53f0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u5f97\u5230\u914d\u7f6e\u4fe1\u606f\u540e\uff0csysvinit \u987a\u5e8f\u5730\u6267\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6b65\u9aa4\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5c06\u7cfb\u7edf\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u4e3a\u9884\u8ba2\u7684 runlevel X\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\/etc\/rc.d\/rc.sysinit<\/li>\n<li>\/etc\/rc.d\/rc \u548c\/etc\/rc.d\/rcX.d\/ (X \u4ee3\u8868\u8fd0\u884c\u7ea7\u522b 0-6)<\/li>\n<li>\/etc\/rc.d\/rc.local<\/li>\n<li>X Display Manager\uff08\u5982\u679c\u9700\u8981\u7684\u8bdd\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u8fd0\u884c rc.sysinit \u4ee5\u4fbf\u6267\u884c\u4e00\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u5728 RedHat \u516c\u53f8\u7684 RHEL5 \u4e2d(RHEL6 \u5df2\u7ecf\u4f7f\u7528 upstart \u4e86)\uff0crc.sysinit \u4e3b\u8981\u5b8c\u6210\u4ee5\u4e0b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u6fc0\u6d3b udev \u548c selinux<\/li>\n<li>\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5b9a\u4e49\u5728\/etc\/sysctl.conf \u4e2d\u7684\u5185\u6838\u53c2\u6570<\/li>\n<li>\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u949f<\/li>\n<li>\u52a0\u8f7d keymaps<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u80fd\u4ea4\u6362\u5206\u533a<\/li>\n<li>\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3b\u673a\u540d(hostname)<\/li>\n<li>\u6839\u5206\u533a\u68c0\u67e5\u548c remount<\/li>\n<li>\u6fc0\u6d3b RAID \u548c LVM \u8bbe\u5907<\/li>\n<li>\u5f00\u542f\u78c1\u76d8\u914d\u989d<\/li>\n<li>\u68c0\u67e5\u5e76\u6302\u8f7d\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf<\/li>\n<li>\u6e05\u9664\u8fc7\u671f\u7684 locks \u548c PID \u6587\u4ef6<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e4b\u540e\uff0csysvinit \u5f00\u59cb\u8fd0\u884c\/etc\/rc.d\/rc \u811a\u672c\u3002\u6839\u636e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684 runlevel\uff0crc \u811a\u672c\u5c06\u6253\u5f00\u5bf9\u5e94\u8be5 runlevel \u7684 rcX.d \u76ee\u5f55(X \u5c31\u662f runlevel)\uff0c\u627e\u5230\u5e76\u8fd0\u884c\u5b58\u653e\u5728\u8be5\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u542f\u52a8\u811a\u672c\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a runlevel X \u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u76ee\u5f55\u540d\u4e3a\/etc\/rc.d\/rcX.d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u5b58\u653e\u7740\u5f88\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u811a\u672c\u3002\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u4ee5 S \u5f00\u5934\u7684\u811a\u672c\u5c31\u662f\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u5e94\u8be5\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u811a\u672c\uff0cS \u540e\u9762\u8ddf\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u811a\u672c\u7684\u6267\u884c\u987a\u5e8f\u3002\u5728\/etc\/rc.d\/rcX.d \u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u7684\u811a\u672c\u5176\u5b9e\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u811a\u672c\u6587\u4ef6\u5b58\u653e\u5728\/etc\/init.d \u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u4e0b\u6211\u7684Debian 10 \u6240\u793a\uff1a<\/p>\n<h5>rc5.d \u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u7684\u811a\u672c<\/h5>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">root@thinkpad:\/etc\/initramfs-tools# ll \/etc\/rc5.d\/\n\u603b\u7528\u91cf 4\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  27 11\u6708  4 15:10 K02speech-dispatcher -&gt; ..\/init.d\/speech-dispatcher\n-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 677 2\u6708  15  2019 README\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  26 11\u6708  4 11:06 S01console-setup.sh -&gt; ..\/init.d\/console-setup.sh\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  18 11\u6708  7 10:32 S02minidlna -&gt; ..\/init.d\/minidlna\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  16 11\u6708  4 15:42 S02mysqld -&gt; ..\/init.d\/mysqld\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  20 11\u6708  4 17:57 S02php-fpm-73 -&gt; ..\/init.d\/php-fpm-73\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  17 11\u6708  4 15:10 S02rsyslog -&gt; ..\/init.d\/rsyslog\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  14 11\u6708  4 15:10 S02sudo -&gt; ..\/init.d\/sudo\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  29 11\u6708  4 15:10 S02unattended-upgrades -&gt; ..\/init.d\/unattended-upgrades\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  17 11\u6708  4 15:10 S03anacron -&gt; ..\/init.d\/anacron\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  24 11\u6708  5 09:47 S03cgroupfs-mount -&gt; ..\/init.d\/cgroupfs-mount\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  14 11\u6708  4 15:10 S03cron -&gt; ..\/init.d\/cron\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  14 11\u6708  4 15:10 S03dbus -&gt; ..\/init.d\/dbus\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  18 11\u6708  5 13:13 S03fail2ban -&gt; ..\/init.d\/fail2ban\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  13 11\u6708  4 15:10 S03ssh -&gt; ..\/init.d\/ssh\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  16 11\u6708  5 13:12 S03xl2tpd -&gt; ..\/init.d\/xl2tpd\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  22 11\u6708  4 15:10 S04avahi-daemon -&gt; ..\/init.d\/avahi-daemon\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  19 11\u6708  4 15:10 S04bluetooth -&gt; ..\/init.d\/bluetooth\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  16 11\u6708  5 09:47 S04docker -&gt; ..\/init.d\/docker\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  25 11\u6708  4 15:10 S04network-manager -&gt; ..\/init.d\/network-manager\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  14 11\u6708  4 15:10 S05gdm3 -&gt; ..\/init.d\/gdm3\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  15 11\u6708  4 15:10 S05saned -&gt; ..\/init.d\/saned\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  12 11\u6708  4 15:10 S06bt -&gt; ..\/init.d\/bt\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  15 11\u6708  4 15:10 S06httpd -&gt; ..\/init.d\/httpd\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  18 11\u6708  4 15:10 S06plymouth -&gt; ..\/init.d\/plymouth\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  19 11\u6708  4 16:27 S06pure-ftpd -&gt; ..\/init.d\/pure-ftpd\nroot@thinkpad:\/etc\/initramfs-tools# <\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5f53\u6240\u6709\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u811a\u672c\u6267\u884c\u5b8c\u6bd5\u3002Sysvinit \u8fd0\u884c\/etc\/rc.d\/rc.local \u811a\u672c\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u6709\u4eba\u8bf4\u4e86\uff0c\u4e0d\u662fDebian 10\u5df2\u7ecf\u6dd8\u6c70sysvinit\u4e86\u5417\uff1f\u662f\u7684\uff0c\u6ca1\u9519\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u522b\u5fd8\u4e86systemd\u6ca1\u6709\u4e86inittab\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u4ed6\u4e0d\u517c\u5bb9rcX.d\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u91cc\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>Debian\u7684systemd<\/p>\n<pre><code>\/etc\/init.d\/\n\/etc\/rcX.d\n\/etc\/rc.local(\u9ed8\u8ba4\u6ca1\u6709)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Centos\u7684rc.d<\/p>\n<pre><code>\/etc\/rc.d\/\n\/etc\/rc.d\/rcX.d\n\/etc\/rc.local \u6307\u5411 ----&gt; \/etc\/rc.d\/rc.local\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>rc.local \u662f Linux \u7559\u7ed9\u7528\u6237\u8fdb\u884c\u4e2a\u6027\u5316\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u79c1\u4eba\u60f3\u8bbe\u7f6e\u548c\u542f\u52a8\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u653e\u5230\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u4e00\u53f0 Linux Server \u7684\u7528\u6237\u4e00\u822c\u4e0d\u6b62\u4e00\u4e2a\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u624d\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8003\u8651\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>Sysvinit \u548c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5173\u95ed<\/h3>\n<p>Sysvinit \u4e0d\u4ec5\u9700\u8981\u8d1f\u8d23\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u8d1f\u8d23\u5173\u95ed\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u5173\u95ed\u65f6\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6570\u636e\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5c0f\u5fc3\u5730\u6309\u987a\u5e8f\u8fdb\u884c\u7ed3\u675f\u548c\u6e05\u7406\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6bd4\u5982\u5e94\u8be5\u5148\u505c\u6b62\u5bf9\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u6709\u8bfb\u5199\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u518d umount \u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u5426\u5219\u6570\u636e\u5c31\u4f1a\u4e22\u5931\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u987a\u5e8f\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u4f9d\u9760\/etc\/rc.d\/rcX.d\/\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u6240\u6709\u811a\u672c\u7684\u547d\u540d\u89c4\u5219\u6765\u63a7\u5236\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u8be5\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u6240\u6709\u4ee5 K \u5f00\u5934\u7684\u811a\u672c\u90fd\u5c06\u5728\u5173\u95ed\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u8c03\u7528\uff0c\u5b57\u6bcd K \u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6267\u884c\u987a\u5e8f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u811a\u672c\u8d1f\u8d23\u5b89\u5168\u5730\u505c\u6b62\u670d\u52a1\u6216\u8005\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u5173\u95ed\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>Sysvinit \u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u529f\u80fd<\/h3>\n<p>\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u542f\u52a8\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u5df2\u7ecf\u542f\u52a8\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u8fdb\u884c\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u539f\u59cb\u7684 sysvinit \u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u542f\u52a8\uff0c\u8fd0\u884c\u548c\u5173\u95ed\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u7531\u4e8esystemd\u7684\u53d6\u4ee3\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u5f88\u591a\u547d\u4ee4\u5df2\u7ecf\u88absystemctl\u63a5\u7ba1\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code>halt\n\u505c\u6b62\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\n\ninit\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c31\u662f sysvinit \u672c\u8eab\u7684 init \u8fdb\u7a0b\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u4ee5 pid1 \u8eab\u4efd\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7528\u6237\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u5728\u542f\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\/etc\/inittab \u6587\u4ef6\u521b\u5efa\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002\n\nkillall5\n\u5c31\u662f SystemV \u7684 killall \u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u5411\u9664\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4f1a\u8bdd(session)\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u5176\u5b83\u8fdb\u7a0b\u53d1\u51fa\u4fe1\u53f7\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u80fd\u6740\u6b7b\u5f53\u524d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684 shell\u3002\n\nlast\n\u56de\u6eaf\/var\/log\/wtmp \u6587\u4ef6(\u6216\u8005-f \u9009\u9879\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6)\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u81ea\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u5efa\u7acb\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7528\u6237\u7684\u767b\u5f55\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\n\nlastb\n\u4f5c\u7528\u548c last \u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4f7f\u7528\/var\/log\/btmp \u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u6240\u6709\u5931\u8d25\u767b\u5f55\u4f01\u56fe\u3002\n\nmesg\n\u63a7\u5236\u5176\u5b83\u7528\u6237\u5bf9\u7528\u6237\u7ec8\u7aef\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002\n\npidof\n\u627e\u51fa\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u8bc6\u522b\u53f7(pid)\uff0c\u8f93\u51fa\u5230\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa\u8bbe\u5907\u3002\n\npoweroff\n\u7b49\u4e8e shutdown -h \u2013p\uff0c\u6216\u8005 telinit 0\u3002\u5173\u95ed\u7cfb\u7edf\u5e76\u5207\u65ad\u7535\u6e90\u3002\n\nreboot\n\u7b49\u4e8e shutdown \u2013r \u6216\u8005 telinit 6\u3002\u91cd\u542f\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\n\nrunlevel\n\u8bfb\u53d6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u767b\u5f55\u8bb0\u5f55\u6587\u4ef6(\u4e00\u822c\u662f\/var\/run\/utmp)\u628a\u4ee5\u524d\u548c\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd0\u884c\u7ea7\u8f93\u51fa\u5230\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa\u8bbe\u5907\u3002\n\nshutdown\n\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u7ec8\u6b62\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u6b63\u5728\u767b\u5f55\u7684\u7528\u6237\u90fd\u4f1a\u6536\u5230\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c06\u8981\u7ec8\u6b62\u901a\u77e5\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e0d\u51c6\u65b0\u7684\u767b\u5f55\u3002\n\nsulogin\n\u5f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u5165\u5355\u7528\u6237\u6a21\u5f0f\u65f6\uff0c\u88ab init \u8c03\u7528\u3002\u5f53\u63a5\u6536\u5230\u542f\u52a8\u52a0\u8f7d\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4f20\u9012\u7684-b \u9009\u9879\u65f6\uff0cinit \u4e5f\u4f1a\u8c03\u7528 sulogin\u3002\n\ntelinit\n\u5b9e\u9645\u662f init \u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u5411 init \u4f20\u9001\u5355\u5b57\u7b26\u53c2\u6570\u548c\u4fe1\u53f7\u3002\n\nutmpdump\n\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u7528\u6237\u53cb\u597d\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u5411\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa\u8bbe\u5907\u663e\u793a\/var\/run\/utmp \u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\n\nwall\n\u5411\u6240\u6709\u6709\u4fe1\u606f\u6743\u9650\u7684\u767b\u5f55\u7528\u6237\u53d1\u9001\u6d88\u606f\u3002\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4e0d\u540c\u7684 Linux \u53d1\u884c\u7248\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b sysvinit \u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5de5\u5177\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u53c8\u5f00\u53d1\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u8f85\u52a9\u5de5\u5177\u7528\u6765\u7b80\u5316 init \u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u6bd4\u5982 RedHat \u7684 RHEL \u5728 sysvinit \u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5f00\u53d1\u4e86 initscripts \u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u542f\u52a8\u811a\u672c (\u5982 rc.sysinit) \uff0c\u8fd8\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86 service\uff0cchkconfig \u7b49\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e00\u5957\u56fe\u5f62\u5316\u754c\u9762\u6765\u7ba1\u7406 init \u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u7684 Linux \u53d1\u884c\u7248\u4e5f\u6709\u5404\u81ea\u7684 initscript \u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u540d\u5b57\u7684 init \u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u6765\u7b80\u5316 sysvinit \u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53ea\u8981\u60a8\u7406\u89e3\u4e86 sysvinit \u7684\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u7b80\u7684\u4ec5\u6709 sysvinit \u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0b\uff0c\u60a8\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u8c03\u7528\u811a\u672c\u542f\u52a8\u548c\u505c\u6b62\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u624b\u52a8\u521b\u5efa inittab \u548c\u521b\u5efa\u8f6f\u8fde\u63a5\u6765\u5b8c\u6210\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u7406\u89e3 sysvinit \u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u7406\u548c\u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002\u60a8\u751a\u81f3\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f00\u53d1\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e00\u5957\u7ba1\u7406\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>Sysvinit \u7684\u5c0f\u7ed3<\/h3>\n<p>Sysvinit \u7684\u4f18\u70b9\u662f\u6982\u5ff5\u7b80\u5355\u3002Service \u5f00\u53d1\u4eba\u5458\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u7f16\u5199\u542f\u52a8\u548c\u505c\u6b62\u811a\u672c\uff0c\u6982\u5ff5\u975e\u5e38\u6e05\u695a\uff1b\u5c06 service \u6dfb\u52a0\/\u5220\u9664\u5230\u67d0\u4e2a runlevel \u65f6\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u6267\u884c\u4e00\u4e9b\u521b\u5efa\/\u5220\u9664\u8f6f\u8fde\u63a5\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5b66\u4e60\u989d\u5916\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u6216\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u8bed\u6cd5<\/p>\n<p><strong>(UpStart \u548c Systemd \u90fd\u9700\u8981\u7528\u6237\u5b66\u4e60\u65b0\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u7cfb\u7edf\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u8bed\u8a00)\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>sysvinit \u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u4f18\u70b9\u662f\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u6267\u884c\u987a\u5e8f\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u811a\u672c\u4e25\u683c\u6309\u7167\u542f\u52a8\u6570\u5b57\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u987a\u5e8f\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6267\u884c\u5b8c\u6bd5\u518d\u6267\u884c\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\uff0c\u8fd9\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u76ca\u4e8e\u9519\u8bef\u6392\u67e5\u3002UpStart \u548c systemd \u652f\u6301\u5e76\u53d1\u542f\u52a8\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u5730\u4e86\u89e3\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u542f\u52a8\u987a\u5e8f\uff0c\u6392\u9519\u4e0d\u6613\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\u4e32\u884c\u5730\u6267\u884c\u811a\u672c\u5bfc\u81f4 sysvinit \u8fd0\u884c\u6548\u7387\u8f83\u6162\uff0c\u5728\u65b0\u7684 IT \u73af\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u542f\u52a8\u5feb\u6162\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6b64\u5916\u52a8\u6001\u8bbe\u5907\u52a0\u8f7d\u7b49 Linux \u65b0\u7279\u6027\u4e5f\u66b4\u9732\u51fa sysvinit \u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u9488\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u60f3\u529e\u6cd5\u6539\u8fdb sysvinit\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u52a0\u5feb\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5e76\u89e3\u51b3 sysvinit \u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u5f15\u6765\u4e86\uff0cUpstart\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u65b0\u4e00\u4ee3 init \u7cfb\u7edf\uff08\u563f\u563f\uff0c\u771f\u6ca1\u6d3b\u591a\u4e45\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<h1>Upstart \u7b80\u4ecb<\/h1>\n<h3>\u5f00\u53d1 Upstart \u7684\u7f18\u7531<\/h3>\n<p>\u5927\u7ea6\u5728 2006 \u5e74\u6216\u8005\u66f4\u65e9\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c Ubuntu \u5f00\u53d1\u4eba\u5458\u8bd5\u56fe\u5c06 Linux \u5b89\u88c5\u5728\u7b14\u8bb0\u672c\u7535\u8111\u4e0a\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u671f\u95f4\u6280\u672f\u4eba\u5458\u53d1\u73b0\u7ecf\u5178\u7684 sysvinit 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\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u52a8\u6302\u8f7d\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f51\u7edc\u76d8\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982 NFS\uff0c\u6216\u8005 iSCSI \u8bbe\u5907\u3002\u5728\u672c\u6587\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206 sysvinit \u7684\u7b80\u4ecb\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\uff0c<strong>sysvinit \u5206\u6790\/etc\/fstab \u6302\u8f7d\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6b65\u9aa4\u662f\u5728\u7f51\u7edc\u542f\u52a8\u4e4b\u524d\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u5982\u679c\u7f51\u7edc\u6ca1\u6709\u542f\u52a8\uff0cNFS \u6216\u8005 iSCSI \u90fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u8bbf\u95ee\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u6302\u8f7d\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002Sysvinit \u91c7\u7528 netdev \u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5373\/etc\/fstab \u53d1\u73b0 netdev \u5c5e\u6027\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4e0d\u5c1d\u8bd5\u6302\u8f7d\u5b83\uff0c\u5728\u7f51\u7edc\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5e76\u4f7f\u80fd\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e13\u95e8\u7684 netfs \u670d\u52a1\u6765\u6302\u8f7d\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7f51\u7edc\u76d8\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u5f97\u5df2\u7684\u8865\u6551\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u7ed9\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u5e26\u6765\u4e0d\u4fbf\u3002\u90e8\u5206\u65b0\u624b\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u751a\u81f3\u4ece\u6765\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u542c\u8bf4\u8fc7 netdev \u9009\u9879\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7ecf\u5e38\u6210\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u9677\u9631\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u9488\u5bf9\u4ee5\u4e0a\u79cd\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\uff0cUbuntu \u5f00\u53d1\u4eba\u5458\u5728\u8bc4\u4f30\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u53ef\u9009 init \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u51b3\u5b9a\u91cd\u65b0\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u5f00\u53d1\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u65b0\u7684 init \u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5373 UpStart\u3002UpStart \u57fa\u4e8e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982 U \u76d8\u63d2\u5165 USB \u63a5\u53e3\u540e\uff0cudev \u5f97\u5230\u5185\u6838\u901a\u77e5\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u8be5\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002UpStart \u5728<strong>\u611f\u77e5\u5230\u8be5\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e4b\u540e\u89e6\u53d1\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u7b49\u5f85\u4efb\u52a1<\/strong>\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5904\u7406\/etc\/fstab \u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\u3002\u91c7\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e8b\u4ef6\u9a71\u52a8\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0cupstart \u5b8c\u7f8e\u5730\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u5373\u63d2\u5373\u7528\u8bbe\u5907\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u65b0\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u91c7\u7528\u4e8b\u4ef6\u9a71\u52a8\u673a\u5236\u4e5f\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5176\u5b83\u6709\u76ca\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u52a0\u5feb\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>sysvinit \u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u662f\u540c\u6b65\u963b\u585e\u7684\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u811a\u672c\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u540e\u7eed\u811a\u672c\u5fc5\u987b\u7b49\u5f85\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6240\u6709\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u6b65\u9aa4\u90fd\u662f\u4e32\u884c\u6267\u884c\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5f88\u591a\u670d\u52a1\u5f7c\u6b64\u5e76\u4e0d\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e76\u884c\u542f\u52a8\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u51cf\u5c0f\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u5728 Linux \u5927\u91cf\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u95f4\u4e5f\u8bb8\u8fd8\u4e0d\u90a3\u4e48\u91cd\u8981\uff1b\u7136\u800c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u684c\u9762\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u4fbf\u643a\u5f0f\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u957f\u77ed\u5bf9\u7528\u6237\u4f53\u9a8c\u5f71\u54cd\u5f88\u5927\u3002\u6b64\u5916\u4e91\u8ba1\u7b97\u7b49\u65b0\u7684 Server \u7aef\u6280\u672f\u4e5f\u5f80\u5f80\u9700\u8981\u5355\u4e2a\u8bbe\u5907\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u52a0\u5feb\u901f\u5730\u542f\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n<p>UpStart \u6ee1\u8db3\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u4e0d\u4ec5\u684c\u9762\u7cfb\u7edf Ubuntu \u91c7\u7528\u4e86 UpStart\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4f01\u4e1a\u7ea7\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7ea7\u7684 RHEL \u4e5f\u9ed8\u8ba4\u91c7\u7528 UpStart \u6765\u66ff\u6362 sysvinit \u4f5c\u4e3a init \u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>Upstart \u7684\u7279\u70b9<\/h3>\n<p>UpStart \u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u4e4b\u524d\u63d0\u5230\u7684 sysvinit \u7684\u7f3a\u70b9\u3002\u91c7\u7528\u4e8b\u4ef6\u9a71\u52a8\u6a21\u578b\uff0cUpStart \u53ef\u4ee5\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u66f4\u5feb\u5730\u542f\u52a8\u7cfb\u7edf<\/li>\n<li>\u5f53\u65b0\u786c\u4ef6\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\u65f6\u52a8\u6001\u542f\u52a8\u670d\u52a1<\/li>\n<li>\u786c\u4ef6\u88ab\u62d4\u9664\u65f6\u52a8\u6001\u505c\u6b62\u670d\u52a1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u70b9\u4f7f\u5f97 UpStart \u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u5e94\u7528\u5728\u684c\u9762\u6216\u8005\u4fbf\u643a\u5f0f\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u5904\u7406\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u786c\u4ef6\u63d2\u62d4\u7279\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>Upstart \u5c0f\u7ed3<\/h2>\n<p>\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\uff0cUpStart \u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6bd4 SysVInit \u66f4\u52a0\u5148\u8fdb\u3002\u591a\u6570 Linux \u53d1\u884c\u7248\u4e0a\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u518d\u4f7f\u7528 SysVInit\uff0c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u53d1\u884c\u7248\u91c7\u7528\u4e86 UpStart\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982 Ubuntu\uff1b\u800c\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e9b\u6bd4\u5982 Fedora\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a systemd \u7684 init \u7cfb\u7edf\u3002Systemd \u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u6bd4 UpStart \u66f4\u665a\uff0c\u4f46\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc5\u901f\uff0c\u867d\u7136 UpStart \u4e5f\u8fd8\u5728\u79ef\u6781\u5f00\u53d1\u5e76\u88ab\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u5730\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u4f46 systemd \u5374\u66f4\u4f18\u79c0\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/wiki.debian.org\/Debate\/initsystem\/\">https:\/\/wiki.debian.org\/Debate\/initsystem\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u662f Debian \u7684\u5b98\u65b9 Wiki \u9875\u9762\uff0c\u4e13\u95e8\u7528\u6765\u505a init system \u7684\u8fa9\u8bba\u3002\u5206\u7ea7\u9875\u9762\u4e2d\u6709\u5404\u4e2ainit\u7684\u4f18\u52a3\u5bf9\u6bd4<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/blog.jorgenschaefer.de\/2014\/07\/why-systemd.html\">http:\/\/blog.jorgenschaefer.de\/2014\/07\/why-systemd.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Systemd \u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83<\/p>\n<p><del>\u627e\u65f6\u95f4\u5728\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5427<\/del><\/p>\n<p>\u603b\u4e4bUpstart\u73b0\u5728\u5df2\u6210\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u5c3d\u5728PAD PHONE\u7b49\u8001\u65e7\u8bbe\u5907\u4e2d\u8fd8\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>Systemd \u7684\u7b80\u4ecb\u548c\u7279\u70b9<\/h2>\n<p>Systemd \u662f Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6700\u65b0\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08init\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u514b\u670d sysvinit \u56fa\u6709\u7684\u7f3a\u70b9\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u542f\u52a8\u901f\u5ea6\u3002Systemd \u7684\u5f88\u591a\u6982\u5ff5\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u82f9\u679c Mac OS \u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u7684 launchd\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7 launchd \u4e13\u7528\u4e8e\u82f9\u679c\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u957f\u671f\u672a\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u5e94\u6709\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5173\u6ce8\u3002Systemd \u501f\u9274\u4e86\u5f88\u591a launchd \u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7279\u6027\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<h3>\u66f4\u5feb\u7684\u542f\u52a8\u901f\u5ea6<\/h3>\n<p>Systemd \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6bd4 UpStart \u66f4\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\u5e76\u884c\u542f\u52a8\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u4e86 socket \/ D-Bus activation \u7b49\u6280\u672f\u542f\u52a8\u670d\u52a1\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u66f4\u5feb\u7684\u542f\u52a8\u901f\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e3a\u4e86\u51cf\u5c11\u7cfb\u7edf\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u95f4\uff0csystemd \u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u542f\u52a8\u66f4\u5c11\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/li>\n<li>\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u5c06\u66f4\u591a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5e76\u884c\u542f\u52a8<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u542f\u52a8\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\u548c\u81ea\u52a8\u6302\u8f7d\u7684\u7ba1\u7406<\/h3>\n<p>\u4f20\u7edf\u7684 Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u7528\u6237\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\/etc\/fstab \u6587\u4ef6\u6765\u7ef4\u62a4\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u542f\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u88ab\u81ea\u52a8\u6302\u8f7d\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u542f\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\u5c31\u4f1a\u786e\u4fdd\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\u90fd\u662f\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd0\u884c\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982 HOME \u76ee\u5f55\u3002\u548c sysvinit \u4e00\u6837\uff0cSystemd \u7ba1\u7406\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u81ea\u52a8\u6302\u8f7d\u5b83\u4eec\u3002Systemd \u8fd8\u517c\u5bb9\/etc\/fstab \u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ee7\u7eed\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u7ba1\u7406\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u7528\u6237\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u52a8\u6001\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u6253\u7b97\u8bbf\u95ee DVD \u5185\u5bb9\u65f6\uff0c\u624d\u4e34\u65f6\u6267\u884c\u6302\u8f7d\u4ee5\u4fbf\u8bbf\u95ee\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u8bbf\u95ee\u5149\u76d8\u65f6\u8be5\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\u88ab\u53d6\u6d88(umount)\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u8282\u7ea6\u8d44\u6e90\u3002\u4f20\u7edf\u5730\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4f9d\u8d56 autofs \u670d\u52a1\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u79cd\u529f\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Systemd \u5185\u5efa\u4e86\u81ea\u52a8\u6302\u8f7d\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u65e0\u9700\u53e6\u5916\u5b89\u88c5 autofs \u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u4f7f\u7528 systemd \u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u81ea\u52a8\u6302\u8f7d\u7ba1\u7406\u80fd\u529b\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0 autofs \u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e8b\u52a1\u6027\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u7ba1\u7406<\/h3>\n<p>\u7cfb\u7edf\u542f\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u7531\u5f88\u591a\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u5de5\u4f5c\u5171\u540c\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e4b\u95f4\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u6302\u8f7d\u4e00\u4e2a NFS \u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u5fc5\u987b\u4f9d\u8d56\u7f51\u7edc\u80fd\u591f\u6b63\u5e38\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002Systemd \u867d\u7136\u80fd\u591f\u6700\u5927\u9650\u5ea6\u5730\u5e76\u53d1\u6267\u884c\u5f88\u591a\u6709\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7c7b\u4f3c&quot;\u6302\u8f7d NFS&quot;\u548c&quot;\u542f\u52a8\u7f51\u7edc&quot;\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u8fd8\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u5929\u751f\u7684\u5148\u540e\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u5e76\u53d1\u6267\u884c\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4efb\u52a1\uff0csystemd \u7ef4\u62a4\u4e00\u4e2a&quot;\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e00\u81f4\u6027&quot;\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6240\u6709\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u6b63\u5e38\u542f\u52a8\u800c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u4e92\u76f8\u4f9d\u8d56\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u6b7b\u9501\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>\u80fd\u591f\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u884c\u5feb\u7167\u548c\u6062\u590d<\/h3>\n<p>systemd \u652f\u6301\u6309\u9700\u542f\u52a8\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u72b6\u6001\u662f\u52a8\u6001\u53d8\u5316\u7684\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u77e5\u9053\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f53\u524d\u8fd0\u884c\u4e86\u54ea\u4e9b\u670d\u52a1\u3002Systemd \u5feb\u7167\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5c06\u5f53\u524d\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd0\u884c\u72b6\u6001\u4fdd\u5b58\u5e76\u6062\u590d\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6bd4\u5982\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f53\u524d\u6b63\u8fd0\u884c\u670d\u52a1 A \u548c B\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528 systemd \u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5bf9\u5f53\u524d\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd0\u884c\u72b6\u51b5\u521b\u5efa\u5feb\u7167\u3002\u7136\u540e\u5c06\u8fdb\u7a0b A \u505c\u6b62\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u505a\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u4efb\u610f\u7684\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u542f\u52a8\u65b0\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b C\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6539\u53d8\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8fd0\u884c systemd \u7684\u5feb\u7167\u6062\u590d\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u7acb\u5373\u5c06\u7cfb\u7edf\u6062\u590d\u5230\u5feb\u7167\u65f6\u523b\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5373\u53ea\u6709\u670d\u52a1 A\uff0cB \u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u573a\u666f\u662f\u8c03\u8bd5\uff1a\u6bd4\u5982\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u51fa\u73b0\u4e00\u4e9b\u5f02\u5e38\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u8c03\u8bd5\u7528\u6237\u5c06\u5f53\u524d\u72b6\u6001\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e3a\u5feb\u7167\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u4efb\u610f\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u505c\u6b62\u670d\u52a1\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u7b49\u8c03\u8bd5\u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\u6062\u590d\u5feb\u7167\u5373\u53ef\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5feb\u7167\u529f\u80fd\u76ee\u524d\u5728 systemd \u4e2d\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5584\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5f00\u53d1\u4eba\u5458\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u7279\u522b\u5173\u6ce8\u5b83\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6709\u62a5\u544a\u6307\u51fa\u5b83\u8fd8\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0a\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u65f6\u5c1a\u9700\u614e\u91cd\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3>\u65e5\u5fd7\u670d\u52a1<\/h3>\n<p>systemd \u81ea\u5e26\u65e5\u5fd7\u670d\u52a1 journald\uff0c\u8be5\u65e5\u5fd7\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u521d\u8877\u662f\u514b\u670d\u73b0\u6709\u7684 syslog \u670d\u52a1\u7684\u7f3a\u70b9\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>syslog \u4e0d\u5b89\u5168\uff0c\u6d88\u606f\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u65e0\u6cd5\u9a8c\u8bc1\u3002\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u672c\u5730\u8fdb\u7a0b\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u58f0\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u662f Apache PID 4711\uff0c\u800c syslog \u4e5f\u5c31\u76f8\u4fe1\u5e76\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230\u78c1\u76d8\u4e0a\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6570\u636e\u6ca1\u6709\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u968f\u610f\u3002\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u7684\u65e5\u5fd7\u5206\u6790\u5668\u9700\u8981\u5206\u6790\u4eba\u7c7b\u8bed\u8a00\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u6765\u8bc6\u522b\u6d88\u606f\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u6b64\u7c7b\u5206\u6790\u56f0\u96be\u4f4e\u6548\uff1b\u6b64\u5916\u65e5\u5fd7\u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5206\u6790\u4ee3\u7801\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u65b0\u751a\u81f3\u91cd\u5199\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Systemd Journal \u7528\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u683c\u5f0f\u4fdd\u5b58\u6240\u6709\u65e5\u5fd7\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u7528\u6237\u4f7f\u7528 journalctl \u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u67e5\u770b\u65e5\u5fd7\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u65e0\u9700\u81ea\u5df1\u7f16\u5199\u590d\u6742\u8106\u5f31\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5206\u6790\u5904\u7406\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Systemd Journal \u7684\u4f18\u70b9\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7b80\u5355\u6027\uff1a\u4ee3\u7801\u5c11\uff0c\u4f9d\u8d56\u5c11\uff0c\u62bd\u8c61\u5f00\u9500\u6700\u5c0f\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u96f6\u7ef4\u62a4\uff1a\u65e5\u5fd7\u662f\u9664\u9519\u548c\u76d1\u63a7\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0d\u80fd\u518d\u4ea7\u751f\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e3e\u4f8b\u8bf4\uff0c\u81ea\u52a8\u7ba1\u7406\u78c1\u76d8\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u7531\u4e8e\u65e5\u5fd7\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u4ea7\u751f\u800c\u5c06\u78c1\u76d8\u7a7a\u95f4\u8017\u5c3d\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u79fb\u690d\u6027\uff1a\u65e5\u5fd7 \u6587\u4ef6\u5e94\u8be5\u5728\u6240\u6709\u7c7b\u578b\u7684 Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u53ef\u7528\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5b83\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u4f55\u79cd CPU \u6216\u8005\u5b57\u8282\u5e8f\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6027\u80fd\uff1a\u6dfb\u52a0\u548c\u6d4f\u89c8 \u65e5\u5fd7 \u975e\u5e38\u5feb\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6700\u5c0f\u8d44\u6e90\u5360\u7528\uff1a\u65e5\u5fd7 \u6570\u636e\u6587\u4ef6\u9700\u8981\u8f83\u5c0f\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7edf\u4e00\u5316\uff1a\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65e5\u5fd7\u5b58\u50a8\u6280\u672f\u5e94\u8be5\u7edf\u4e00\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u7684\u53ef\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4fdd\u5b58\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u5b58\u50a8\u4e2d\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u65e5\u5fd7\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u5168\u5c40\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u90fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u4fdd\u5b58\u5e76\u4e14\u53ef\u4f9b\u65e5\u540e\u67e5\u8be2\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u4e00\u6761\u56fa\u4ef6\u8bb0\u5f55\u540e\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u8ddf\u968f\u4e00\u6761\u5185\u6838\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u8fd8\u4f1a\u6709\u4e00\u6761\u7528\u6237\u6001\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u5f53\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230\u786c\u76d8\u4e0a\u65f6\u8fd9\u4e09\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4e22\u5931\u3002Syslog \u5c06\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u5206\u6790\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5f88\u96be\u786e\u5b9a\u54ea\u4e9b\u6761\u76ee\u662f\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6269\u5c55\u6027\uff1a\u65e5\u5fd7\u7684\u9002\u7528\u8303\u56f4\u5f88\u5e7f\uff0c\u4ece\u5d4c\u5165\u5f0f\u8bbe\u5907\u5230\u8d85\u7ea7\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u96c6\u7fa4\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u6ee1\u8db3\u9700\u6c42\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5b89\u5168\u6027\uff1a\u65e5\u5fd7 \u6587\u4ef6\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7684\uff0c\u8ba9\u65e0\u6cd5\u68c0\u6d4b\u7684\u4fee\u6539\u4e0d\u518d\u53ef\u80fd\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Systemd \u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5<\/h2>\n<h3>\u5355\u5143\u7684\u6982\u5ff5<\/h3>\n<p>\u7cfb\u7edf\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u9700\u8981\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u975e\u5e38\u591a\u3002\u9700\u8981\u542f\u52a8\u540e\u53f0\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u542f\u52a8 SSHD \u670d\u52a1\uff1b\u9700\u8981\u505a\u914d\u7f6e\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u6302\u8f7d\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u6b65\u90fd\u88ab systemd \u62bd\u8c61\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u914d\u7f6e\u5355\u5143\uff0c\u5373 unit\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u670d\u52a1\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u914d\u7f6e\u5355\u5143\uff1b\u4e00\u4e2a\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u914d\u7f6e\u5355\u5143\uff1b\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ea4\u6362\u5206\u533a\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u914d\u7f6e\u5355\u5143\uff1b\u7b49\u7b49\u3002systemd \u5c06\u914d\u7f6e\u5355\u5143\u5f52\u7eb3\u4e3a\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>service \uff1a\u4ee3\u8868\u4e00\u4e2a\u540e\u53f0\u670d\u52a1\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982 mysqld\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u6700\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u4e00\u7c7b\u3002<\/li>\n<li>socket \uff1a\u6b64\u7c7b\u914d\u7f6e\u5355\u5143\u5c01\u88c5\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a \u5957\u63a5\u5b57 \u3002\u5f53\u4e0b\uff0csystemd \u652f\u6301\u6d41\u5f0f\u3001\u6570\u636e\u62a5\u548c\u8fde\u7eed\u5305\u7684 AF_INET\u3001AF_INET6\u3001AF_UNIX socket \u3002\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u914d\u7f6e\u5355\u5143\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u914d\u7f6e\u5355\u5143 \u3002\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\"\u8fde\u63a5\"\u8fdb\u5165\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u65f6\u5c31\u4f1a\u542f\u52a8(\u4f8b\u5982\uff1anscd.socket \u5728\u6709\u65b0\u8fde\u63a5\u540e\u4fbf\u542f\u52a8 nscd.service)\u3002<\/li>\n<li>device \uff1a\u6b64\u7c7b\u914d\u7f6e\u5355\u5143\u5c01\u88c5\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e Linux \u8bbe\u5907\u6811\u4e2d\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\u3002\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f7f\u7528 udev \u89c4\u5219\u6807\u8bb0\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\u90fd\u5c06\u4f1a\u5728 systemd \u4e2d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bbe\u5907\u914d\u7f6e\u5355\u5143\u51fa\u73b0\u3002<\/li>\n<li>mount \uff1a\u6b64\u7c7b\u914d\u7f6e\u5355\u5143\u5c01\u88c5\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ed3\u6784\u5c42\u6b21\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\u3002Systemd \u5c06\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\u8fdb\u884c\u76d1\u63a7\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u81ea\u52a8\u5c06\u5176\u6302\u8f7d\uff1b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u81ea\u52a8\u5378\u8f7d\u3002Systemd \u4f1a\u5c06\/etc\/fstab \u4e2d\u7684\u6761\u76ee\u90fd\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5f00\u673a\u65f6\u5904\u7406\u3002<\/li>\n<li>automount \uff1a\u6b64\u7c7b\u914d\u7f6e\u5355\u5143\u5c01\u88c5\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ed3\u6784\u5c42\u6b21\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\u3002\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u6302\u8f7d\u914d\u7f6e\u5355\u5143\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e00\u4e2a\u6302\u8f7d\u914d\u7f6e\u5355\u5143 \uff0c\u5f53\u8be5\u81ea\u52a8\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\u88ab\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\uff0csystemd \u6267\u884c\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\u4e2d\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u6302\u8f7d\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/li>\n<li>swap: \u548c\u6302\u8f7d\u914d\u7f6e\u5355\u5143\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u4ea4\u6362\u914d\u7f6e\u5355\u5143\u7528\u6765\u7ba1\u7406\u4ea4\u6362\u5206\u533a\u3002\u7528\u6237\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4ea4\u6362\u914d\u7f6e\u5355\u5143\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4ea4\u6362\u5206\u533a\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4ea4\u6362\u5206\u533a\u5728\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u88ab\u6fc0\u6d3b\u3002<\/li>\n<li>target \uff1a\u6b64\u7c7b\u914d\u7f6e\u5355\u5143\u4e3a\u5176\u4ed6\u914d\u7f6e\u5355\u5143\u8fdb\u884c\u903b\u8f91\u5206\u7ec4\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u672c\u8eab\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5e76\u4e0d\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5f15\u7528\u5176\u4ed6\u914d\u7f6e\u5355\u5143\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u4fbf\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u914d\u7f6e\u5355\u5143\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u5927\u5bb6\u90fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u975e\u5e38\u719f\u6089\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u7ea7\u522b\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u60f3\u8ba9\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u5165\u56fe\u5f62\u5316\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u8fd0\u884c\u8bb8\u591a\u670d\u52a1\u548c\u914d\u7f6e\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u64cd\u4f5c\u90fd\u7531\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u5355\u5143\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u914d\u7f6e\u5355\u5143\u7ec4\u5408\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u6807(target)\uff0c\u5c31\u8868\u793a\u9700\u8981\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u914d\u7f6e\u5355\u5143\u5168\u90e8\u6267\u884c\u4e00\u904d\u4ee5\u4fbf\u8fdb\u5165\u76ee\u6807\u6240\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd0\u884c\u72b6\u6001\u3002 (\u4f8b\u5982\uff1amulti-user.target \u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u5728\u4f20\u7edf\u4f7f\u7528 SysV \u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u8fd0\u884c\u7ea7\u522b 5)<\/li>\n<li>timer\uff1a\u5b9a\u65f6\u5668\u914d\u7f6e\u5355\u5143\u7528\u6765\u5b9a\u65f6\u89e6\u53d1\u7528\u6237\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u914d\u7f6e\u5355\u5143\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86 atd\u3001crond \u7b49\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5b9a\u65f6\u670d\u52a1\u3002<\/li>\n<li>snapshot \uff1a\u4e0e target \u914d\u7f6e\u5355\u5143\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u5feb\u7167\u662f\u4e00\u7ec4\u914d\u7f6e\u5355\u5143\u3002\u5b83\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u6bcf\u4e2a\u914d\u7f6e\u5355\u5143\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u5c31\u662f\u7f16\u5199\u548c\u7ef4\u62a4\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u4e00\u4e2a MySQL \u670d\u52a1\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e00\u4e2a mysql.service \u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u975e\u5e38\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u7528\u6237\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u518d\u7f16\u5199\u548c\u7ef4\u62a4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf 5 \u811a\u672c\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb<\/h3>\n<p>\u867d\u7136 systemd \u5c06\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u542f\u52a8\u5de5\u4f5c\u89e3\u9664\u4e86\u4f9d\u8d56\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e76\u53d1\u542f\u52a8\u3002\u4f46\u8fd8\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u6709\u4e9b\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u5929\u751f\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528&quot;\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u6fc0\u6d3b&quot;(socket activation)\u3001D-Bus activation \u548c autofs \u4e09\u5927\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u89e3\u9664\u4f9d\u8d56\uff08\u4e09\u5927\u65b9\u6cd5\u8be6\u60c5\u89c1\u540e\u7eed\u63cf\u8ff0\uff09\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff1a\u6302\u8f7d\u5fc5\u987b\u7b49\u5f85\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u88ab\u521b\u5efa\uff1b\u6302\u8f7d\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u7b49\u5f85\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u7269\u7406\u8bbe\u5907\u5c31\u7eea\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u7c7b\u4f9d\u8d56\u95ee\u9898\uff0csystemd \u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u5355\u5143\u4e4b\u95f4\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f7c\u6b64\u5b9a\u4e49\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Systemd \u7528\u914d\u7f6e\u5355\u5143\u5b9a\u4e49\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u914d\u7f6e\u5355\u5143\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff1aunit A \u4f9d\u8d56 unit B\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728 unit B \u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e2d\u7528&quot;require A&quot;\u6765\u8868\u793a\u3002\u8fd9\u6837 systemd \u5c31\u4f1a\u4fdd\u8bc1\u5148\u542f\u52a8 A \u518d\u542f\u52a8 B\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>Systemd \u4e8b\u52a1<\/h3>\n<p>Systemd \u80fd\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4e8b\u52a1\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u3002Systemd \u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u8bc1\u591a\u4e2a\u4f9d\u8d56\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u5355\u5143\u4e4b\u95f4\u6ca1\u6709\u73af\u5f62\u5f15\u7528\u3002\u6bd4\u5982 unit A\u3001B\u3001C\uff0c\u5047\u5982\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u4e3a:<\/p>\n<h5>\u56fe 4, Unit \u7684\u5faa\u73af\u4f9d\u8d56<\/h5>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/developerworks\/cn\/linux\/1407_liuming_init3\/image009.jpg\" alt=\"\u56fe 4, Unit \u7684\u5faa\u73af\u4f9d\u8d56\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u5b58\u5728\u5faa\u73af\u4f9d\u8d56\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48 systemd \u5c06\u65e0\u6cd5\u542f\u52a8\u4efb\u610f\u4e00\u4e2a\u670d\u52a1\u3002\u6b64\u65f6 systemd \u5c06\u4f1a\u5c1d\u8bd5\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u914d\u7f6e\u5355\u5143\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\uff1arequired \u662f\u5f3a\u4f9d\u8d56\uff1bwant \u5219\u662f\u5f31\u4f9d\u8d56\uff0csystemd \u5c06\u53bb\u6389 wants \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u770b\u770b\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u6253\u7834\u5faa\u73af\u3002\u5982\u679c\u65e0\u6cd5\u4fee\u590d\uff0csystemd \u4f1a\u62a5\u9519\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Systemd \u80fd\u591f\u81ea\u52a8\u68c0\u6d4b\u548c\u4fee\u590d\u8fd9\u7c7b\u914d\u7f6e\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u6781\u5927\u5730\u51cf\u8f7b\u4e86\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u7684\u6392\u9519\u8d1f\u62c5\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>Target \u548c\u8fd0\u884c\u7ea7\u522b<\/h3>\n<p>systemd \u7528\u76ee\u6807\uff08target\uff09\u66ff\u4ee3\u4e86\u8fd0\u884c\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\uff0c\u5982\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ee7\u627f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u5e76\u6dfb\u52a0\u5176\u5b83\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u6765\u521b\u5efa\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u4e0b\u8868\u5217\u4e3e\u4e86 systemd \u4e0b\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u548c\u5e38\u89c1 runlevel \u7684\u5bf9\u5e94\u5173\u7cfb\uff1a<\/p>\n<h5 class=\"md-end-block md-heading md-focus\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"md-plain\">Sysvinit \u8fd0\u884c\u7ea7\u522b\u548c systemd \u76ee\u6807\u7684\u5bf9\u5e94\u8868<\/span><\/h5>\n<figure class=\"md-table-fig\">\n<table class=\"md-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"md-end-block\">\n<th><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">Sysvinit \u8fd0\u884c\u7ea7\u522b<\/span><\/span><\/th>\n<th><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">Systemd \u76ee\u6807<\/span><\/span><\/th>\n<th><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">\u5907\u6ce8<\/span><\/span><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"md-end-block\">\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">0<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">runlevel0.target, poweroff.target<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">\u5173\u95ed\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"md-end-block\">\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">1, s, single<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">runlevel1.target, rescue.target<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">\u5355\u7528\u6237\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"md-end-block\">\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">2, 4<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">runlevel2.target, runlevel4.target, multi-user.target<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">\u7528\u6237\u5b9a\u4e49\/\u57df\u7279\u5b9a\u8fd0\u884c\u7ea7\u522b\u3002\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e 3\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"md-end-block\">\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">3<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">runlevel3.target, multi-user.target<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">\u591a\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u975e\u56fe\u5f62\u5316\u3002\u7528\u6237\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u591a\u4e2a\u63a7\u5236\u53f0\u6216\u7f51\u7edc\u767b\u5f55\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"md-end-block\">\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">5<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">runlevel5.target, graphical.target<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">\u591a\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u56fe\u5f62\u5316\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u8fd0\u884c\u7ea7\u522b 3 \u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5916\u52a0\u56fe\u5f62\u5316\u767b\u5f55\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"md-end-block\">\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">6<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">runlevel6.target, reboot.target<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">\u91cd\u542f<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"md-end-block\">\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">emergency<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">emergency.target<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">\u7d27\u6025 Shell<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n<h5><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Systemd \u7684\u5e76\u53d1\u542f\u52a8\u539f\u7406<\/span><\/h5>\n<p>\u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u5728 Systemd \u4e2d\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u90fd\u5e76\u53d1\u542f\u52a8\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982 Avahi\u3001D-Bus\u3001livirtd\u3001X11\u3001HAL \u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u65f6\u542f\u52a8\u3002\u4e4d\u4e00\u770b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6709\u70b9\u513f\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982 Avahi \u9700\u8981 syslog \u7684\u670d\u52a1\uff0cAvahi \u548c syslog \u540c\u65f6\u542f\u52a8\uff0c\u5047\u8bbe Avahi \u7684\u542f\u52a8\u6bd4\u8f83\u5feb\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5 syslog \u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u51c6\u5907\u597d\uff0c\u53ef\u662f Avahi \u53c8\u9700\u8981\u8bb0\u5f55\u65e5\u5fd7\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c82\u4e0d\u662f\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u95ee\u9898\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>Systemd \u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u4eba\u5458\u4ed4\u7ec6\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u670d\u52a1\u4e4b\u95f4\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u8d56\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u6240\u8c13\u4f9d\u8d56\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u800c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u578b\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u6280\u672f\u89e3\u9664\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>\u5e76\u53d1\u542f\u52a8\u539f\u7406\u4e4b\u4e00\uff1a\u89e3\u51b3 socket \u4f9d\u8d56<\/h3>\n<p>\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u4f9d\u8d56\u662f\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u4f9d\u8d56\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u670d\u52a1 A \u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u7aef\u53e3 S1 \u63d0\u4f9b\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5982\u679c\u9700\u8981\u670d\u52a1 A\uff0c\u5219\u9700\u8981\u8fde\u63a5 S1\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5982\u679c\u670d\u52a1 A \u5c1a\u672a\u542f\u52a8\uff0cS1 \u5c31\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5c31\u4f1a\u5f97\u5230\u542f\u52a8\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u4f20\u7edf\u5730\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u5148\u542f\u52a8\u670d\u52a1 A\uff0c\u7b49\u5f85\u5b83\u8fdb\u5165\u5c31\u7eea\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u518d\u542f\u52a8\u5176\u4ed6\u9700\u8981\u5b83\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u3002Systemd \u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u6211\u4eec\u9884\u5148\u628a S1 \u5efa\u7acb\u597d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5176\u4ed6\u6240\u6709\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u65f6\u542f\u52a8\u800c\u65e0\u9700\u7b49\u5f85\u670d\u52a1 A \u6765\u521b\u5efa S1 \u4e86\u3002\u5982\u679c\u670d\u52a1 A \u5c1a\u672a\u542f\u52a8\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5176\u4ed6\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5411 S1 \u53d1\u9001\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u8bf7\u6c42\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4f1a\u88ab Linux \u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7f13\u5b58\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4f1a\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bf7\u6c42\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u7b49\u5f85\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u670d\u52a1 A \u542f\u52a8\u5c31\u7eea\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u7acb\u5373\u5904\u7406\u7f13\u5b58\u7684\u8bf7\u6c42\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u5f00\u59cb\u6b63\u5e38\u8fd0\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u90a3\u4e48\u670d\u52a1\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u7531 init \u8fdb\u7a0b\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>Linux \u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u5f53\u8fdb\u7a0b\u8c03\u7528 fork \u6216\u8005 exec \u521b\u5efa\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5728\u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e2d\u88ab\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u53e5\u67c4 (file descriptor) \u90fd\u88ab\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6240\u7ee7\u627f\u3002\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6587\u4ef6\u53e5\u67c4\uff0c\u8fdb\u7a0b A \u53ef\u4ee5\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\uff0c\u6b64\u540e\u5f53\u8fdb\u7a0b A \u8c03\u7528 exec \u542f\u52a8\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u65f6\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u786e\u4fdd\u8be5\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u7684 close_on_exec \u6807\u5fd7\u4f4d\u88ab\u6e05\u7a7a\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u65b0\u7684\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ee7\u627f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u3002\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u770b\u5230\u7684\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u548c\u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\uff0c\u5c31\u4eff\u4f5b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u662f\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u81ea\u5df1\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u533a\u522b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7279\u6027\u4ee5\u524d\u88ab\u4e00\u4e2a\u53eb\u505a inetd \u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u670d\u52a1\u6240\u5229\u7528\u3002Inetd \u8fdb\u7a0b\u4f1a\u8d1f\u8d23\u76d1\u63a7\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u7528\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u7aef\u53e3\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982 Telnet\uff0c\u5f53\u8be5\u7aef\u53e3\u6709\u8fde\u63a5\u8bf7\u6c42\u65f6\uff0cinetd \u624d\u542f\u52a8 telnetd \u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u5e76\u628a\u6709\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9\u65b0\u7684 telnetd \u8fdb\u7a0b\u8fdb\u884c\u5904\u7406\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u5f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u6ca1\u6709 telnet \u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u8fde\u63a5\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u542f\u52a8 telnetd \u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002Inetd \u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee3\u7406\u5f88\u591a\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u8282\u7ea6\u5f88\u591a\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u8d1f\u8f7d\u548c\u5185\u5b58\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u8bf7\u6c42\u65f6\u624d\u542f\u52a8\u76f8\u5e94\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u5e76\u628a\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u548c inetd \u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0csystemd \u662f\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u5148\u5efa\u7acb\u6240\u6709\u9700\u8981\u7684\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5728\u8c03\u7528 exec \u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5c06\u8be5\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9\u65b0\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u800c\u65b0\u8fdb\u7a0b\u76f4\u63a5\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u8fdb\u884c\u670d\u52a1\u5373\u53ef\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>\u5e76\u53d1\u542f\u52a8\u539f\u7406\u4e4b\u4e8c\uff1a\u89e3\u51b3 D-Bus \u4f9d\u8d56<\/h3>\n<p>D-Bus \u652f\u6301\u6240\u8c13&quot;bus activation&quot;\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u5982\u679c\u670d\u52a1 A \u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u670d\u52a1 B \u7684 D-Bus \u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u800c\u670d\u52a1 B \u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u5219 D-Bus \u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u670d\u52a1 A \u8bf7\u6c42\u670d\u52a1 B \u7684 D-Bus \u65f6\u81ea\u52a8\u542f\u52a8\u670d\u52a1 B\u3002\u800c\u670d\u52a1 A \u53d1\u51fa\u7684\u8bf7\u6c42\u4f1a\u88ab D-Bus \u7f13\u5b58\uff0c\u670d\u52a1 A \u4f1a\u7b49\u5f85\u670d\u52a1 B \u542f\u52a8\u5c31\u7eea\u3002\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u4f9d\u8d56 D-Bus \u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u5e76\u884c\u542f\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>\u5e76\u53d1\u542f\u52a8\u539f\u7406\u4e4b\u4e09\uff1a\u89e3\u51b3\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f9d\u8d56<\/h3>\n<p>\u7cfb\u7edf\u542f\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u662f\u6700\u8017\u65f6\u7684\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u6302\u8f7d\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5bf9\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u884c\u78c1\u76d8\u68c0\u67e5\uff08fsck\uff09\uff0c\u78c1\u76d8\u914d\u989d\u68c0\u67e5\u7b49\u90fd\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u8017\u65f6\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u5728\u7b49\u5f85\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5de5\u4f5c\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5904\u4e8e\u7a7a\u95f2\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u60f3\u4f7f\u7528\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5fc5\u987b\u7b49\u5f85\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5b8c\u6210\u624d\u53ef\u4ee5\u542f\u52a8\u3002\u4f46\u662f systemd \u53d1\u73b0\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e5f\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Systemd \u53c2\u8003\u4e86 autofs \u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u601d\u8def\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u4f9d\u8d56\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u672c\u8eab\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u4e24\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e76\u53d1\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002autofs \u53ef\u4ee5\u76d1\u6d4b\u5230\u67d0\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\u771f\u6b63\u88ab\u8bbf\u95ee\u5230\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u624d\u89e6\u53d1\u6302\u8f7d\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5185\u6838 automounter \u6a21\u5757\u7684\u652f\u6301\u800c\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u4e00\u4e2a open()\u7cfb\u7edf\u8c03\u7528\u4f5c\u7528\u5728&quot;\/misc\/cd\/file1&quot;\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\/misc\/cd \u5c1a\u672a\u6267\u884c\u6302\u8f7d\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6 open()\u8c03\u7528\u88ab\u6302\u8d77\u7b49\u5f85\uff0cLinux \u5185\u6838\u901a\u77e5 autofs\uff0cautofs \u6267\u884c\u6302\u8f7d\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u63a7\u5236\u6743\u8fd4\u56de\u7ed9 open()\u7cfb\u7edf\u8c03\u7528\uff0c\u5e76\u6b63\u5e38\u6253\u5f00\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Systemd \u96c6\u6210\u4e86 autofs \u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\/home\uff0c\u5f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u542f\u52a8\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0csystemd \u4e3a\u5176\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e34\u65f6\u7684\u81ea\u52a8\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u523b\/home \u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6302\u8f7d\u8bbe\u5907\u5c1a\u672a\u542f\u52a8\u597d\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6302\u8f7d\u64cd\u4f5c\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u68c0\u6d4b\u4e5f\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u5b8c\u6210\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u4f9d\u8d56\u8be5\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5df2\u7ecf\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e76\u53d1\u542f\u52a8\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684 open()\u64cd\u4f5c\u88ab\u5185\u5efa\u5728 systemd \u4e2d\u7684 autofs \u6355\u83b7\uff0c\u5c06\u8be5 open()\u8c03\u7528\u6302\u8d77\uff08\u53ef\u4e2d\u65ad\u7761\u7720\u72b6\u6001\uff09\u3002\u7136\u540e\u7b49\u5f85\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6302\u8f7d\u64cd\u4f5c\u5b8c\u6210\uff0c\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u68c0\u6d4b\u4e5f\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\uff0csystemd \u5c06\u8be5\u81ea\u52a8\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\u66ff\u6362\u4e3a\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba9 open()\u8c03\u7528\u8fd4\u56de\u3002\u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u90a3\u4e9b\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u672c\u8eab\u540c\u65f6\u5e76\u53d1\u542f\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u7136\u5bf9\u4e8e&quot;\/&quot;\u6839\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4e00\u5b9a\u8fd8\u662f\u8981\u4e32\u884c\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a systemd \u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u5b58\u653e\u5728\/\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u7b49\u5f85\u7cfb\u7edf\u6839\u76ee\u5f55\u6302\u8f7d\u68c0\u67e5\u597d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u8fc7\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7c7b\u4f3c\/home \u7b49\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5e76\u53d1\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u542f\u52a8\u901f\u5ea6\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5f53\/home \u662f\u8fdc\u7a0b\u7684 NFS \u8282\u70b9\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u52a0\u5bc6\u76d8\u7b49\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u8017\u8d39\u8f83\u957f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u624d\u53ef\u4ee5\u51c6\u5907\u5c31\u7eea\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5e76\u53d1\u542f\u52a8\uff0c\u8fd9\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u65e0\u4e8b\u53ef\u505a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u6bb5\u7a7a\u4f59\u65f6\u95f4\u505a\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u542f\u52a8\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u603b\u7684\u6765\u8bf4\u5c31\u7f29\u77ed\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>Systemd \u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u4f7f\u7528<\/h2>\n<p>systemd \u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u5de5\u5177\u662f systemctl\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u591a\u6570\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u5e94\u8be5\u90fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u975e\u5e38\u719f\u6089\u7cfb\u7edf\u670d\u52a1\u548c init \u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982 service\u3001chkconfig \u4ee5\u53ca telinit \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u3002systemd \u4e5f\u5b8c\u6210\u540c\u6837\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u547d\u4ee4\u5de5\u5177 systemctl \u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\u800c\u5df2\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7528\u8868\u683c\u6765\u5bf9\u6bd4 systemctl \u548c\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ba1\u7406\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u975e\u5e38\u6e05\u6670\u3002<\/p>\n<h5 class=\"md-end-block md-heading md-focus\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"md-plain\"> Systemd \u547d\u4ee4\u548c sysvinit \u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u5bf9\u7167\u8868<\/span><\/h5>\n<figure class=\"md-table-fig\">\n<table class=\"md-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"md-end-block\">\n<th class=\"\"><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">Sysvinit \u547d\u4ee4<\/span><\/span><\/th>\n<th class=\"\"><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">Systemd \u547d\u4ee4<\/span><\/span><\/th>\n<th><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">\u5907\u6ce8<\/span><\/span><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"md-end-block\">\n<td class=\"\"><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">service foo start<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"\"><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">systemctl start foo.service<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">\u7528\u6765\u542f\u52a8\u4e00\u4e2a\u670d\u52a1 (\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u91cd\u542f\u73b0\u6709\u7684)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"md-end-block\">\n<td class=\"\"><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">service foo stop<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"\"><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">systemctl stop foo.service<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">\u7528\u6765\u505c\u6b62\u4e00\u4e2a\u670d\u52a1 (\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u91cd\u542f\u73b0\u6709\u7684)\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"md-end-block\">\n<td class=\"\"><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">service foo restart<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"\"><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">systemctl restart foo.service<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">\u7528\u6765\u505c\u6b62\u5e76\u542f\u52a8\u4e00\u4e2a\u670d\u52a1\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"md-end-block\">\n<td class=\"\"><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">service foo reload<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"\"><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">systemctl reload foo.service<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">\u5f53\u652f\u6301\u65f6\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u88c5\u8f7d\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u800c\u4e0d\u4e2d\u65ad\u7b49\u5f85\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"md-end-block\">\n<td class=\"\"><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">service foo condrestart<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"\"><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">systemctl condrestart foo.service<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">\u5982\u679c\u670d\u52a1\u6b63\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u90a3\u4e48\u91cd\u542f\u5b83\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"md-end-block\">\n<td class=\"\"><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">service foo status<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"\"><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">systemctl status foo.service<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">\u6c47\u62a5\u670d\u52a1\u662f\u5426\u6b63\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"md-end-block\">\n<td class=\"\"><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">ls \/etc\/rc.d\/init.d\/<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"\"><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">systemctl list-unit-files --type=service<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">\u7528\u6765\u5217\u51fa\u53ef\u4ee5\u542f\u52a8\u6216\u505c\u6b62\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5217\u8868\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"md-end-block\">\n<td class=\"\"><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">chkconfig foo on<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"\"><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">systemctl enable foo.service<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">\u5728\u4e0b\u6b21\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u6216\u6ee1\u8db3\u5176\u4ed6\u89e6\u53d1\u6761\u4ef6\u65f6\u8bbe\u7f6e\u670d\u52a1\u4e3a\u542f\u7528<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"md-end-block\">\n<td class=\"\"><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">chkconfig foo off<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"\"><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">systemctl disable foo.service<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">\u5728\u4e0b\u6b21\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u6216\u6ee1\u8db3\u5176\u4ed6\u89e6\u53d1\u6761\u4ef6\u65f6\u8bbe\u7f6e\u670d\u52a1\u4e3a\u7981\u7528<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"md-end-block\">\n<td class=\"\"><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">chkconfig foo<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"\"><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">systemctl is-enabled foo.service<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">\u7528\u6765\u68c0\u67e5\u4e00\u4e2a\u670d\u52a1\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u88ab\u914d\u7f6e\u4e3a\u542f\u7528\u8fd8\u662f\u7981\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"md-end-block\">\n<td class=\"\"><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">chkconfig \u2013list<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"\"><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">systemctl list-unit-files --type=service<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">\u8f93\u51fa\u5728\u5404\u4e2a\u8fd0\u884c\u7ea7\u522b\u4e0b\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u542f\u7528\u548c\u7981\u7528\u60c5\u51b5<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"md-end-block\">\n<td class=\"\"><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">chkconfig foo \u2013list<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"\"><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">ls \/etc\/systemd\/system\/*.wants\/foo.service<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">\u7528\u6765\u5217\u51fa\u8be5\u670d\u52a1\u5728\u54ea\u4e9b\u8fd0\u884c\u7ea7\u522b\u4e0b\u542f\u7528\u548c\u7981\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"md-end-block\">\n<td class=\"\"><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">chkconfig foo \u2013add<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"\"><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">systemctl daemon-reload<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">\u5f53\u60a8\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u670d\u52a1\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u8005\u53d8\u66f4\u8bbe\u7f6e\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"md-end-block\">\n<td class=\"\"><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">telinit 3<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"\"><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">systemctl isolate multi-user.target (OR systemctl isolate runlevel3.target OR telinit 3)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">\u6539\u53d8\u81f3\u591a\u7528\u6237\u8fd0\u884c\u7ea7\u522b\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n<h5><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">\u8868\u4e2d\u5217\u51fa\u7684\u5e38\u89c1\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u914d\u7f6e\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u4efb\u52a1\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u3002<\/span><\/h5>\n<p class=\"md-end-block md-p md-focus\"><span class=\"md-plain md-expand\">\u9996\u5148\u6211\u4eec\u4e86\u89e3 systemd \u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7406\u7535\u6e90\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u547d\u4ee4\u5982\u4e0b\u8868\u6240\u793a\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n<figure class=\"md-table-fig\">\n<table class=\"md-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"md-end-block\">\n<th class=\"\"><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">\u547d\u4ee4<\/span><\/span><\/th>\n<th><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">\u64cd\u4f5c<\/span><\/span><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"md-end-block\">\n<td class=\"\"><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">systemctl reboot<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">\u91cd\u542f\u673a\u5668<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"md-end-block\">\n<td class=\"\"><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">systemctl poweroff<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">\u5173\u673a<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"md-end-block\">\n<td class=\"\"><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">systemctl suspend<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">\u5f85\u673a<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"md-end-block\">\n<td class=\"\"><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">systemctl hibernate<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">\u4f11\u7720<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"md-end-block\">\n<td class=\"\"><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">systemctl hybrid-sleep<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"td-span\"><span class=\"md-plain\">\u6df7\u5408\u4f11\u7720\u6a21\u5f0f\uff08\u540c\u65f6\u4f11\u7720\u5230\u786c\u76d8\u5e76\u5f85\u673a\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n<p>\u5173\u673a\u4e0d\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u767b\u5f55\u7528\u6237\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\u7684\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u53ea\u6709\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u624d\u53ef\u4ee5\u5173\u673a\u3002\u6b63\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u5141\u8bb8 SSH \u8fdc\u7a0b\u767b\u5f55\u7684\u7528\u6237\u6267\u884c\u5173\u673a\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u5426\u5219\u5176\u4ed6\u7528\u6237\u6b63\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\u628a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5173\u4e86\u5c31\u4e0d\u597d\u4e86\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u7684 Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u4f7f\u7528 ConsoleKit \u8ddf\u8e2a\u7528\u6237\u767b\u5f55\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5e76\u51b3\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u8d4b\u4e88\u5176\u5173\u673a\u7684\u6743\u9650\u3002\u73b0\u5728 ConsoleKit \u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab systemd \u7684 logind \u6240\u66ff\u4ee3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>logind \u4e0d\u662f pid-1 \u7684 init \u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u548c UpStart \u7684 session init \u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u4f46\u529f\u80fd\u8981\u4e30\u5bcc\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u5b83\u80fd\u591f\u7ba1\u7406\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u7528\u6237\u4f1a\u8bdd(session)\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002logind \u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f ConsoleKit \u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7ef4\u62a4\uff0c\u8ddf\u8e2a\u4f1a\u8bdd\u548c\u7528\u6237\u767b\u5f55\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u5982\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u51b3\u5b9a\u5173\u673a\u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u884c\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u9700\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u5f53\u524d\u7528\u6237\u767b\u5f55\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7528\u6237\u4ece SSH \u767b\u5f55\uff0c\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u5176\u6267\u884c\u5173\u673a\u547d\u4ee4\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u666e\u901a\u7528\u6237\u4ece\u672c\u5730\u767b\u5f55\uff0c\u4e14\u8be5\u7528\u6237\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u4f1a\u8bdd\uff0c\u5219\u5141\u8bb8\u5176\u6267\u884c\u5173\u673a\u547d\u4ee4\uff1b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5224\u65ad\u90fd\u9700\u8981 logind \u7ef4\u62a4\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7528\u6237\u4f1a\u8bdd\u548c\u767b\u5f55\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/li>\n<li>Logind \u4e5f\u8d1f\u8d23\u7edf\u8ba1\u7528\u6237\u4f1a\u8bdd\u662f\u5426\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u6ca1\u6709\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\u4f11\u7720\/\u5173\u673a\u7b49\u76f8\u5e94\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4e3a\u7528\u6237\u4f1a\u8bdd\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8fdb\u7a0b\u521b\u5efa CGroup\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u65b9\u4fbf\u7edf\u8ba1\u6240\u6709\u7528\u6237\u4f1a\u8bdd\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u4f1a\u8bdd\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u8d44\u6e90\u63a7\u5236\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8d1f\u8d23\u7535\u6e90\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u7ec4\u5408\u952e\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u7528\u6237\u6309\u4e0b\u7535\u6e90\u952e\uff0c\u5c06\u7cfb\u7edf\u5207\u6362\u81f3\u7761\u7720\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u591a\u5e2d\u4f4d(multi-seat) \u7ba1\u7406\u3002\u5982\u4eca\u7684\u7535\u8111\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u4e00\u53f0\u7b14\u8bb0\u672c\u7535\u8111\uff0c\u4e5f\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u591a\u4eba\u540c\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u591a\u5e2d\u4f4d\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u53f0\u7535\u8111\u4e3b\u673a\u7ba1\u7406\u591a\u4e2a\u5916\u8bbe\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c4f\u5e55\u548c\u4e24\u4e2a\u9f20\u6807\/\u952e\u76d8\u3002\u5e2d\u4f4d\u4e00\u4f7f\u7528\u5c4f\u5e55 1 \u548c\u952e\u76d8 1\uff1b\u5e2d\u4f4d\u4e8c\u4f7f\u7528\u5c4f\u5e55 2 \u548c\u952e\u76d8 2\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u5171\u4eab\u4e00\u53f0\u4e3b\u673a\u3002\u7528\u6237\u4f1a\u8bdd\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u5728\u591a\u4e2a\u5e2d\u4f4d\u4e4b\u95f4\u5207\u6362\u3002\u6216\u8005\u5f53\u63d2\u5165\u65b0\u7684\u952e\u76d8\uff0c\u5c4f\u5e55\u7b49\u7269\u7406\u5916\u8bbe\u65f6\uff0c\u81ea\u52a8\u542f\u52a8 gdm \u7528\u6237\u767b\u5f55\u754c\u9762\u7b49\u3002\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u591a\u5e2d\u4f4d\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002ConsoleKit \u59cb\u7ec8\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e2a\u529f\u80fd\uff0csystemd \u7684 logind \u80fd\u591f\u652f\u6301\u591a\u5e2d\u4f4d\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0a\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ba1\u7406\u529f\u80fd\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f systemd \u7684\u90e8\u5206\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0csystemd \u8fd8\u8d1f\u8d23\u7cfb\u7edf\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u914d\u7f6e\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u914d\u7f6e\u7f51\u7edc\uff0cLocale \u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u7ba1\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u5185\u6838\u6a21\u5757\u52a0\u8f7d\u7b49\uff0c\u5b8c\u6574\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u5b83\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u672c\u4eba\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>systemd \u5c0f\u7ed3<\/h2>\n<p>\u5728\u4e0d\u624d\u4f5c\u8005\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0csystemd \u7684\u6700\u5927\u7279\u70b9\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u4ee4\u4eba\u60ca\u5947\u7684\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\u5e76\u53d1\u542f\u52a8\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u6781\u5927\u5730\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u542f\u52a8\u901f\u5ea6\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>\u7528 CGroup \u7edf\u8ba1\u8ddf\u8e2a\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u5e72\u51c0\u53ef\u9760\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u548c\u5176\u524d\u4efb\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5728\u4e8e\uff0csystemd \u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>systemd\u52a0\u8f7drc-local.service\u652f\u6301rc.local\u542f\u52a8\u8fd0\u884c\u811a\u672c<\/h2>\n<p>\u6211\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u811a\u672c\u653e\u5728rcl.local\u4e2d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u542f\u52a8\u52a0\u8f7d\u5417\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u60a8\u6b63\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u4f7f\u7528Systemd\u7684Linux\u53d1\u884c\u7248\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u60a8\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0<code>\/etc\/rc.local<\/code>\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u65e0\u6cd5\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u8fd0\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728systemd\u4e0brc.local\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2ainitab\u811a\u672c\u53d8\u4e3a\u4e86rc-local.service<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">liang@thinkpad:$ systemctl status rc-local\n\u25cf rc-local.service - \/etc\/rc.local Compatibility\n   Loaded: loaded (\/lib\/systemd\/system\/rc-local.service; enabled-runtime; vendor preset: e\n  Drop-In: \/usr\/lib\/systemd\/system\/rc-local.service.d\n           \u2514\u2500debian.conf\n   Active: active (exited) since Tue 2019-11-12 14:37:54 CST; 1 day 7h ago\n     Docs: man:systemd-rc-local-generator(8)\n  Process: 603 ExecStart=\/etc\/rc.local start (code=exited, status=0\/SUCCESS)<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230rc.local.service\u517c\u5bb9\/etc\/rc.local<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\uff1asystemctl enable rc-local\u53cd\u9988:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">root@Debian-mac:~$ systemctl enable rc-local\nThe unit files have no installation config (WantedBy, RequiredBy, Also, Alias\nsettings in the [Install] section, and DefaultInstance for template units).\nThis means they are not meant to be enabled using systemctl.\nPossible reasons for having this kind of units are:\n1) A unit may be statically enabled by being symlinked from another unit&#039;s\n   .wants\/ or .requires\/ directory.\n2) A unit&#039;s purpose may be to act as a helper for some other unit which has\n   a requirement dependency on it.\n3) A unit may be started when needed via activation (socket, path, timer,\n   D-Bus, udev, scripted systemctl call, ...).\n4) In case of template units, the unit is meant to be enabled with some\n   instance name specified.<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5355\u5143\u6587\u4ef6\u6ca1\u6709\u5b89\u88c5\u914d\u7f6e\uff08WantedBy\uff0cRequiredBy\uff0cAlias\uff0c[Install]\u90e8\u5206\u4e2d\u7684\u8bbe\u7f6e\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6a21\u677f\u5355\u5143\u7684DefaultInstance\uff09\u3002<br \/>\n\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e0d\u6253\u7b97\u4f7f\u7528systemctl\u542f\u7528\u5b83\u4eec\u3002<br \/>\n\u62e5\u6709\u6b64\u7c7b\u5355\u4f4d\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u539f\u56e0\u662f\uff1a<br \/>\n1\uff09\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u5143\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0e\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u5143\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u6765\u9759\u6001\u542f\u7528.wants \/\u6216.requires \/\u76ee\u5f55\u3002<br \/>\n2\uff09\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u4f4d\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5145\u5f53\u5176\u4ed6\u5177\u6709\u5bf9\u5b83\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027\u3002<br \/>\n3\uff09\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u9700\u8981\u65f6\u901a\u8fc7\u6fc0\u6d3b\uff08socket, path, timer,D-Bus, udev\uff0c\u811a\u672c\u5316\u7684systemctl\u8c03\u7528...\uff09\u3002<br \/>\n4\uff09\u5982\u679c\u662f\u6a21\u677f\u5355\u5143\uff0c\u5219\u5e94\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u4e9b\u529f\u80fd\u542f\u7528\u8be5\u5355\u5143\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684service\u6587\u4ef6\u90fd\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u4e0e\/etc\/systemd\/system\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\uff0c\u6709\u70b9\u50cf\u67d0\u79cd\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\/lib\/systemd\/system\u4e0b\u4e5f\u6709\u4e2arc-local.service\uff0c\u501f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6a21\u677f\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u4fee\u6539\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u4f60\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u5934\u5f00\u59cb\u7f16\u5199<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">cp \/lib\/systemd\/system\/rc-local.service \/etc\/systemd\/system\/rc-local.service<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4fee\u6539\u5185\u5bb9\u5982\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u6dfb\u52a0Install\u7ec6\u5206\u4fe1\u606f<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">#  This file is part of systemd.\n#\n#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and\/or modify it\n#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by\n#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or\n#  (at your option) any later version.\n\n# This unit gets pulled automatically into multi-user.target by\n# systemd-rc-local-generator if \/etc\/rc.local is executable.\n[Unit]\nDescription=\/etc\/rc.local Compatibility\nConditionFileIsExecutable=\/etc\/rc.local\nAfter=network.target\n\n[Service]\nType=forking\nExecStart=\/etc\/rc.local start\nTimeoutSec=0\nRemainAfterExit=yes\nGuessMainPID=no\n\n[Install]\nWantedBy=multi-user.target<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2dUnit\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4e3b\u8981\u63cf\u8ff0\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u542f\u52a8\u987a\u5e8f\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\uff0cService\u5206\u533a\u4e3b\u8981\u63cf\u8ff0\u5982\u4f55\u542f\u52a8\uff0cInstall\u5206\u533a\u63cf\u8ff0\u5982\u4f55\u5b89\u88c5\u8be5\u670d\u52a1\u3002debian 10\u5df2\u7ecf\u5c06\/etc\/rc.local\u6587\u4ef6\u5220\u9664\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u624b\u52a8\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\uff0c\u5e76\u9700\u8981\u542f\u52a8\u6267\u884c\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u5199\u5165\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<pre><code>touch \/etc\/rc.local\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4e0d\u8981\u5fd8\u8bb0\u544a\u8bc9rc-local.service\uff0c\/etc\/rc.local\u662f\u53ef\u6267\u884c\u7684bash\u811a\u672c\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7exit 0\u9000\u51fabash<\/p>\n<pre><code>#!\/bin\/bash\n#This script is executed at the end of each multiuser runlevel.Make sure that the script will #\u201cexit 0\u201d on success or any other value on error.\n#In order to enable or disable this script just change the execution bits.\n#By default this script does nothing.\n\nexit 0\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u7ed9\/etc\/rc.local\u52a0\u4e0a\u8865\u5145\u7684\u6743\u9650<\/p>\n<pre><code>chmod a+x \/etc\/rc.local\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u7136\u540e\u6267\u884c<\/p>\n<pre><code>root@Debian-mac:~# systemctl enable rc.local\nCreated symlink \/etc\/systemd\/system\/multi-user.target.wants\/rc-local.service \u2192 \/etc\/systemd\/system\/rc-local.service.\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u63a5\u7740\u542f\u52a8\u8fd9\u4e2a\u670d\u52a1\u5e76\u67e5\u770b\u5b83\u7684\u72b6\u6001<\/p>\n<pre><code>systemctl start rc-local.service\nsystemctl status rc-local.service\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u547d\u4ee4\u8f93\u51fa\u5982\u4e0b<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">root@Debian-mac:~# systemctl status rc-local.service\n\u25cf rc-local.service - \/etc\/rc.local Compatibility\n   Loaded: loaded (\/etc\/systemd\/system\/rc-local.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)\n  Drop-In: \/lib\/systemd\/system\/rc-local.service.d\n           \u2514\u2500debian.conf\n   Active: active (exited) since Wed 2019-11-13 23:06:14 CST; 7min ago\n  Process: 2250 ExecStart=\/etc\/rc.local start (code=exited, status=0\/SUCCESS)\n\n11\u6708 13 23:06:14 Debian-mac systemd[1]: Starting \/etc\/rc.local Compatibility...\n11\u6708 13 23:06:14 Debian-mac systemd[1]: Started \/etc\/rc.local Compatibility.<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u53ef\u4ee5rc.local\u770b\u5230\u4e2d\u7684\u811a\u672c\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u6b63\u786e\u6267\u884c\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u662frc.local\u4e2d\u7684\u6ce8\u91ca<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">\nThis script is executed at the end of each multiuser runlevel.Make sure that the script will \u201cexit 0\u201d on success or any other value on error.\nIn order to enable or disable this script just change the execution bits.\nBy default this script does nothing.\n\necho 1 &gt; \/proc\/sys\/net\/ipv4\/ip_forward)&amp;\n\nexit 0<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u4ece\u52a0\u7535\u5230exit 0\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684debian10\u5df2\u7ecf\u52a0\u8f7d\u5b8c\u6bd5\uff0c\u7b49\u5f85\u7740tty\u7684\u54cd\u5e94\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\uff1a\u6d45\u6790 Linux \u521d\u59cb\u5316 init \u7cfb\u7edf <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/developerworks\/cn\/linux\/1407_liuming_init1\/index.html?ca=drs\">https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/developerworks\/cn\/linux\/1407_liuming_init1\/index.html?ca=drs<\/a>-<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<div id=\"dw-series-links\" class=\"ibm-container-body\">\n<ul id=\"dw-series-list\">\n<li class=\"dw-series-item\">\u7b2c 1 \u90e8\u5206: sysvinit<\/li>\n<li class=\"dw-series-item\">\u7b2c 2 \u90e8\u5206: UpStart<\/li>\n<li class=\"dw-series-item\">\u7b2c 3 \u90e8\u5206: Systemd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u4eceBIOS\u5230GRUB \u7cfb\u7edf\u5f00\u673a\u6216\u8005\u91cd\u542f\u3002 BIOS\u52a0\u7535\uff0c\u81ea\u68c0\uff08Power On Self Test &#8212; POST\uff09\u3002BIOS\u6267\u884c\u5185\u5b58\u5730\u5740\u4e3aFFFF:0000H\u5904\u7684\u8df3\u8f6c\u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u8df3\u8f6c\u5230\u56fa\u5316\u5728ROM\u4e2d\u7684\u81ea\u68c0&#46;&#46;&#46;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3058","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-debian"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.liangliang.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3058","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.liangliang.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.liangliang.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.liangliang.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.liangliang.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3058"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.liangliang.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3058\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4324,"href":"https:\/\/www.liangliang.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3058\/revisions\/4324"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.liangliang.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3058"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.liangliang.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3058"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.liangliang.org.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3058"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}