{"id":5419,"date":"2026-04-26T11:36:25","date_gmt":"2026-04-26T03:36:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.liangliang.org.cn\/?p=5419"},"modified":"2026-04-26T19:58:01","modified_gmt":"2026-04-26T11:58:01","slug":"%e8%a6%81%e8%af%bb%e7%9a%84%e4%b8%80%e6%9c%ac%e4%b9%a6%e3%80%8a%e6%88%91%e4%bb%ac%e6%97%b6%e4%bb%a3%e7%9a%84%e7%a5%9e%e7%bb%8f%e7%97%87%e4%ba%ba%e6%a0%bc%e3%80%8b","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.liangliang.org.cn\/?p=5419","title":{"rendered":"\u8981\u8bfb\u7684\u4e00\u672c\u4e66\u300a\u6211\u4eec\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u75c7\u4eba\u683c\u300b"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>\u300a\u6211\u4eec\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u75c7\u4eba\u683c\u300b\u8bfb\u4e66\u7b14\u8bb0<\/h1>\n<h2>\u4e66\u7c4d\u4fe1\u606f<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u4e66\u540d<\/strong>\uff1a\u300a\u6211\u4eec\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u75c7\u4eba\u683c\u300b\uff08<em>The Neurotic Personality of Our Time<\/em>\uff09<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u4f5c\u8005<\/strong>\uff1a[\u7f8e] 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vs. \u597d\u7236\u6bcd&quot;\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u4e8c\u5206\u4e2d\u62c9\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\uff0c<strong>\u5373\u4f7f\u662f&quot;\u6b63\u5e38\u7684&quot;\u517b\u80b2\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u5bf9\u5b69\u5b50\u6765\u8bf4\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5145\u6ee1\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u5de8\u4eba\u4e16\u754c<\/strong>\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u4e3a\u6210\u4eba\u548c\u513f\u7ae5\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6743\u529b\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>\u4e00\u4e2a\u5185\u5728\u5f20\u529b<\/strong>\uff1a\u970d\u59ae\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u8bf4\u57fa\u672c\u7126\u8651\u6765\u81ea\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u517b\u80b2\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u53c8\u8bf4\u6574\u4e2a\u6587\u5316\u90fd\u5728\u5236\u9020\u7126\u8651\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\u95ee\u9898\u6765\u4e86\u2014\u2014\u5982\u679c\u6587\u5316\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u75c5\u6001\u7684\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u7236\u6bcd\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6587\u5316\u7684\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u548c\u4f20\u9012\u8005\uff0c\u90a3&quot;\u597d\u7236\u6bcd&quot;\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6587\u5316\u91cc\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u80fd\uff1f\u8fd8\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5145\u6ee1\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u91cc\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u7126\u8651\u51e0\u4e4e\u662f<strong>\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684<\/strong>\uff1f<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u4e00\u4f4d\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ed6\u6bcf\u5468\u53ea\u6709\u4e09\u5341\u5757\u94b1\u7684\u6536\u5165\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u53ea\u8981\u4ed6\u82b1\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e0a\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u6323\u5f97\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u94b1\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5374\u5b81\u613f\u4ee5\u8fd9\u7b14\u5fae\u8584\u7684\u6536\u5165\u5c3d\u91cf\u5730\u4eab\u53d7\u4eba\u751f\uff1b\u4ed6\u628a\u5927\u91cf\u65f6\u95f4\u82b1\u5728\u4e0e\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u53ae\u6df7\u4e2d\uff0c\u8981\u4e0d\u7136\u5c31\u662f\u6c89\u6eba\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u96d5\u866b\u5c0f\u6280\u548c\u65e0\u804a\u55dc\u597d\u4e2d\u3002\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u4eba\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6587\u5316\u5f88\u81ea\u7136\u5730\u4f1a\u79f0\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e3a\u795e\u7ecf\u75c5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u5728\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\uff0c\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e2a\u4eba\u9700\u8981\u800c\u62fc\u547d\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u4f1a\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0b\u8d31\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4f4d\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u610f\u5927\u5229\u5357\u90e8\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u6751\u5e84\u91cc\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ed6\u4e5f\u4f1a\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u666e\u904d\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u6ee1\u8db3\u7edd\u5bf9\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u9700\u8981\u5916\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u90fd\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u53bb\u83b7\u53d6\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u91d1\u94b1\u548c\u82b1\u8d39\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u970d\u59ae\u6ca1\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u56de\u7b54\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u5979\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u540e\u8005\u3002\u8fd9\u8ba9\u5979\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5e26\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u6587\u5316\u5bbf\u547d\u7684\u5e95\u8272\uff1a\u4e0d\u662f\u5f17\u6d1b\u4f0a\u5fb7\u5f0f\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5bbf\u547d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u5bbf\u547d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7126\u8651\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\uff0c\u90a3\u6cbb\u7597\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f&quot;\u6d88\u9664\u7126\u8651&quot;\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5b66\u4f1a\u5728\u7126\u8651\u4e2d\u4fdd\u6301\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u970d\u59ae\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e8e\u201c\u6587\u5316\u77db\u76fe\u662f\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u65e0\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u7406\u6027\u601d\u8003\u6765&quot;\u89e3\u51b3&quot;\u5b83\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u6211\u89c9\u5bdf\u6765\u51cf\u5c11\u88ab\u5b83\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u88f9\u631f\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<h3>3.2 \u7126\u8651\u4e0e\u654c\u610f\u7684\u5171\u751f\u673a\u5236<\/h3>\n<p>\u8fd9\u662f\u5168\u4e66\u6781\u4e3a\u5173\u952e\u4f46\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u73af\u8282\u3002\u970d\u59ae\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u7126\u8651\u7684\u5185\u6838\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u6050\u60e7\uff0c\u8fd8\u5305\u542b<strong>\u88ab\u538b\u6291\u7684\u654c\u610f<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u903b\u8f91\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u957f\u671f\u611f\u5230\u88ab\u5ffd\u89c6\u3001\u88ab\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u5bf9\u5468\u56f4\u7684\u4eba\u4ea7\u751f\u6124\u6012\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u6124\u6012\u662f\u5371\u9669\u7684\u2014\u2014\u5bf9\u4f9d\u8d56\u5bf9\u8c61\u8868\u8fbe\u654c\u610f\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u62db\u81f4\u66f4\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u629b\u5f03\u6216\u60e9\u7f5a\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u654c\u610f\u88ab\u538b\u5165\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5f25\u6563\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u6307\u5411\u5177\u4f53\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6076\u610f\u611f\u2014\u2014&quot;\u4e16\u754c\u5bf9\u6211\u4e0d\u6000\u597d\u610f&quot;\u3002<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>\u970d\u59ae\u7684\u6bd4\u55bb\u2014\u2014&quot;\u9ad8\u538b\u9505&quot;<\/strong>\uff1a\u88ab\u538b\u6291\u7684\u654c\u610f\u5c31\u50cf\u4e00\u53e3\u5bc6\u5c01\u7684\u9ad8\u538b\u9505\u3002\u706b\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u70e7\uff08\u7126\u8651\u6301\u7eed\u4ea7\u751f\uff09\uff0c\u84b8\u6c7d\u4e0d\u65ad\u79ef\u7d2f\uff08\u654c\u610f\u4e0d\u65ad\u79ef\u538b\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u9600\u95e8\u88ab\u62e7\u6b7b\u4e86\uff08\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u8868\u8fbe\uff09\u3002\u84b8\u6c7d\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u5b83\u53ea\u4f1a\u627e\u522b\u7684\u51fa\u53e3\u2014\u2014\u53d8\u5f62\u4e3a\u8eab\u4f53\u75c7\u72b6\u3001\u5f25\u6563\u7684\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4efb\u3001\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eba\u52a8\u673a\u7684\u6076\u610f\u63e3\u6d4b\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\uff0c\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u8fc7\u5ea6\u7684\u3001\u8ba8\u597d\u5f0f\u7684\u987a\u4ece\uff08\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u987a\u4ece\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u7740\u91ca\u653e\u90a3\u80a1\u5371\u9669\u7684\u654c\u610f\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c31\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6076\u6027\u5faa\u73af\uff1a<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>\u88ab\u538b\u6291\u7684\u654c\u610f \u2192 \u6295\u5c04\u4e3a\u5916\u90e8\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u611f \u2192 \u52a0\u5267\u57fa\u672c\u7126\u8651 \u2192 \u4ea7\u751f\u66f4\u591a\u9700\u8981\u538b\u6291\u7684\u654c\u610f<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u57fa\u672c\u7126\u8651\u5982\u6b64\u96be\u4ee5\u6d88\u9664\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u79cd&quot;\u4e0d\u5b89\u5168\u611f&quot;\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u6211\u7ef4\u6301\u7684\u654c\u610f-\u7126\u8651\u95ed\u73af\u3002\u6253\u7834\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ed\u73af\uff0c\u662f\u6cbb\u7597\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u96be\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>3.3 \u4e09\u5927\u75c5\u6001\u8ffd\u6c42<\/h3>\n<p>\u970d\u59ae\u91cd\u70b9\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u4e09\u79cd\u8131\u79bb\u6b63\u5e38\u4eba\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u5f3a\u8feb\u6027\u9a71\u529b\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u662f\u51fa\u81ea\u672c\u771f\u7684\u613f\u671b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u50cf\u6eba\u6c34\u8005\u6293\u6551\u547d\u7a3b\u8349\u4e00\u822c\uff0c\u4e3a\u6c42\u5b89\u5168\u4e0d\u60dc\u4e00\u5207\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2460 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+ \u8868\u8fbe\u5ac9\u5992\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd + \u4e3a\u5ac9\u5992\u611f\u5230\u7684\u7f6a\u759a<\/strong>\u3002\u8fd9\u4e09\u91cd\u75db\u82e6\u53e0\u52a0\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u8ba9\u4ed6\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u5929\u90fd\u50cf\u5728\u8d70\u94a2\u4e1d\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u4e00\u65e6\u73b0\u5b9e\u53d7\u632b\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5185\u5fc3\u5bf9\u6210\u529f\u7684\u6e34\u6c42\u4e0e\u5bf9\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u6050\u60e7\u51b2\u649e\u8fc7\u731b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u8d70\u5411\u6781\u7aef\u53cd\u9762\u2014\u2014<strong>\u5f7b\u5e95\u9003\u907f\u7ade\u4e89<\/strong>\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u4eba\u5bb3\u6015\u4efb\u4f55\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u653e\u5f03\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u56de\u907f\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u80fd\u66b4\u9732\u81ea\u5df1&quot;\u4e0d\u5982\u4eba&quot;\u7684\u60c5\u666f\uff0c\u5185\u5fc3\u5374\u6697\u6697\u5ac9\u5992\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u6bd4\u81ea\u5df1\u5f3a\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5ac9\u5992\u53c8\u5b55\u80b2\u7740\u65b0\u7684\u654c\u610f\u4e0e\u7f6a\u759a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9003\u907f\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u4eba\u5e38\u5e38\u88ab\u8bef\u8bfb\u4e3a&quot;\u6de1\u6cca\u540d\u5229&quot;\u6216&quot;\u6027\u683c\u5185\u5411&quot;\uff0c\u4f46\u970d\u59ae\u533a\u5206\u4e86\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6de1\u6cca\uff08\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u7ade\u4e89\u6765\u786e\u8ba4\u81ea\u6211\u4ef7\u503c\uff09\u548c\u795e\u7ecf\u75c7\u6027\u7684\u9000\u7f29\uff08\u56e0\u4e3a\u592a\u5bb3\u6015\u5931\u8d25\u800c\u4e0d\u6562\u53c2\u4e0e\uff09\u3002\u524d\u8005\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u662f\u88ab\u6050\u60e7\u56da\u7981\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>\u970d\u59ae\u7684\u6bd4\u55bb\u2014\u2014&quot;\u653e\u5f03\u6bd4\u8d5b\u7684\u9009\u624b&quot;<\/strong>\uff1a\u970d\u59ae\u5c06\u9003\u907f\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u4eba\u6bd4\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u9000\u51fa\u6bd4\u8d5b\u7684\u9009\u624b\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u5173\u952e\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u559c\u6b22\u6bd4\u8d5b\u800c\u9000\u51fa\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a<strong>\u592a\u5bb3\u6015\u8f93<\/strong>\u3002\u9000\u51fa\u6bd4\u8d5b\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u8ba9\u4ed6\u83b7\u5f97\u5e73\u9759\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6bd4\u8d5b\u4ecd\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ea\u662f\u7ad9\u5728\u573a\u8fb9\u770b\u7740\u522b\u4eba\u5728\u8dd1\uff0c\u5185\u5fc3\u5145\u6ee1\u88ab\u538b\u6291\u7684\u6e34\u671b\u548c\u9178\u6da9\u7684\u5ac9\u5992\u3002\u4ed6\u7684&quot;\u9000\u51fa&quot;\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u66f4\u9690\u853d\u7684\u7262\u7b3c\u3002\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u662f\u80fd\u591f\u9009\u62e9\u53c2\u52a0\u6216\u4e0d\u53c2\u52a0\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u88ab\u6050\u60e7\u6240\u5de6\u53f3\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h3>3.4 \u5185\u5fc3\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u96cf\u5f62<\/h3>\n<p>\u867d\u7136\u970d\u59ae\u540e\u6765\u5728\u300a\u6211\u4eec\u5185\u5fc3\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u300b\u4e2d\u624d\u6b63\u5f0f\u7cfb\u7edf\u63d0\u51fa&quot;\u4eb2\u8fd1\u4eba\u3001\u5bf9\u6297\u4eba\u3001\u9003\u907f\u4eba&quot;\u4e09\u79cd\u4eba\u9645\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u4f46\u672c\u4e66\u5df2\u7ecf\u6e05\u6670\u53ef\u89c1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u8f6e\u5ed3\uff1a<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u672c\u4e66\u4e2d\u7684\u75c5\u6001\u8ffd\u6c42<\/th>\n<th>\u540e\u7eed\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u4eba\u9645\u7b56\u7565<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5bf9\u7231\u7684\u75c5\u6001\u9700\u6c42<\/td>\n<td><strong>\u4eb2\u8fd1\u4eba<\/strong>\uff08Moving Toward People\uff09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5bf9\u6743\u529b\u548c\u75c5\u6001\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u6267\u7740<\/td>\n<td><strong>\u5bf9\u6297\u4eba<\/strong>\uff08Moving Against People\uff09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u9003\u907f\u7ade\u4e89\u3001\u758f\u79bb\u4ed6\u4eba<\/td>\n<td><strong>\u9003\u907f\u4eba<\/strong>\uff08Moving Away From People\uff09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u6b63\u5e38\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u503e\u5411\u95f4\u7075\u6d3b\u5207\u6362\u2014\u2014\u9700\u8981\u4eb2\u5bc6\u65f6\u4eb2\u8fd1\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u575a\u6301\u65f6\u5bf9\u6297\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u72ec\u5904\u65f6\u9000\u907f\u3002\u800c\u795e\u7ecf\u75c7\u4eba\u683c\u8005\u88ab\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u79cd\u7262\u7262\u6293\u4f4f\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u534f\u8c03\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u5185\u5728\u6495\u88c2\u3002<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>\u970d\u59ae\u7684\u6bd4\u55bb\u2014\u2014&quot;\u53ea\u4f1a\u7528\u4e00\u53ea\u624b\u7684\u4eba&quot;<\/strong>\uff1a\u970d\u59ae\u7528\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u751f\u52a8\u7684\u6bd4\u55bb\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\u8fd9\u79cd\u50f5\u5316\uff1a\u8fd9\u5c31\u50cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ea\u4f1a\u7528\u53f3\u624b\uff0c\u5de6\u624b\u5b8c\u5168\u5e9f\u4e86\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5de6\u624b\u6709\u75c5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4ece\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u81ea\u5df1\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u3002\u6b63\u5e38\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u53cc\u624b\u5e76\u7528\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u9700\u8981\u7075\u6d3b\u5207\u6362\uff1b\u800c\u795e\u7ecf\u75c7\u4eba\u683c\u8005\u88ab\u9501\u6b7b\u5728\u4e00\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u91cc\uff0c\u4e27\u5931\u4e86\u56de\u5e94\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u5f39\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h3>3.5 \u7406\u60f3\u5316\u5f62\u8c61\u7684\u840c\u82bd<\/h3>\n<p>\u672c\u4e66\u867d\u672a\u6b63\u5f0f\u63d0\u51fa&quot;\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u81ea\u6211\u5f62\u8c61&quot;\uff08Idealized Image\uff09\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u2014\u2014\u90a3\u662f\u300a\u795e\u7ecf\u75c7\u4e0e\u4eba\u7684\u6210\u957f\u300b\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8bae\u9898\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u4e66\u4e2d\u591a\u5904\u5df2\u53ef\u89c1\u5176\u7aef\u502a\u3002\u970d\u59ae\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u795e\u7ecf\u75c7\u4eba\u683c\u8005\u5f80\u5f80\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5938\u5927\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u5207\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u671f\u671b\uff1a\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e8e\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a&quot;\u8fd8\u4e0d\u9519\u7684\u4eba&quot;\uff0c\u800c\u5fc5\u987b\u6210\u4e3a&quot;\u6700\u597d\u7684&quot;&quot;\u4e0d\u53ef\u66ff\u4ee3\u7684&quot;&quot;\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684&quot;\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u503e\u5411\u4e0e\u57fa\u672c\u7126\u8651\u76f4\u63a5\u76f8\u5173\uff1a<strong>\u5982\u679c\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u6211\u592a\u5f31\u5c0f\u3001\u592a\u4e0d\u53ef\u7231\uff0c\u90a3\u6211\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u6784\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u7684\u6211\u6765\u66ff\u4ee3\u5b83\u3002<\/strong> 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\/>\n<h2>5. \u6cbb\u7597\u89c2\u4e0e\u6587\u5316\u6279\u5224<\/h2>\n<h3>5.1 \u6cbb\u7597\u7684\u76ee\u6807<\/h3>\n<p>\u970d\u59ae\u4e0d\u628a\u795e\u7ecf\u75c7\u770b\u4f5c\u7eaf\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u75c5\u7406\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u59cb\u7ec8\u5c06\u5176\u951a\u5b9a\u5728\u6587\u5316\u77db\u76fe\u4e0a\u3002\u5979\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6cbb\u7597\u5e08\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e0d\u662f\u53bb\u6d88\u9664\u67d0\u79cd\u6587\u5316\u8ba4\u5b9a\u7684&quot;\u75c5\u53d8&quot;\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e2a\u4f53\u770b\u6e05\u81ea\u5df1<strong>\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u5f3a\u8feb\u6027\u9632\u5fa1\u5982\u4f55\u635f\u5bb3\u4e86\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u4e0e\u6f5c\u80fd<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5177\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6cbb\u7597\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u8bc6\u522b\u57fa\u672c\u7126\u8651\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u53ca\u5176\u6765\u6e90<\/li>\n<li>\u770b\u6e05\u75c5\u6001\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u5f3a\u8feb\u6027\u672c\u8d28\u53ca\u5176\u4ee3\u4ef7<\/li>\n<li>\u7406\u89e3\u5185\u5fc3\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u88ab\u5b83\u88f9\u631f<\/li>\n<li>\u4ece&quot;\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u5982\u6b64&quot;\u8d70\u5411&quot;\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9&quot;\u2014\u2014\u6062\u590d\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u81ea\u7531<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u970d\u59ae\u5bf9\u6cbb\u7597\u6301\u4e00\u79cd\u5ba1\u614e\u7684\u4e50\u89c2\uff1a\u5979\u4e0d\u627f\u8bfa\u6cbb\u6108\uff0c\u4f46\u5979\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c<strong>\u770b\u6e05\u56f0\u5883\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u8d70\u5411\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65<\/strong>\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u770b\u6e05\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5f3a\u8feb\u6027\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u4e86\u4e0d\u53bb\u8ddf\u968f\u5b83\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>\u970d\u59ae\u7684\u6bd4\u55bb\u2014\u2014&quot;\u7262\u7b3c\u7684\u94a5\u5319&quot;<\/strong>\uff1a\u970d\u59ae\u7528\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u6d01\u800c\u6709\u529b\u7684\u610f\u8c61\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u6cbb\u7597\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff1a<strong>\u770b\u6e05\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9632\u5fa1\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u53d1\u73b0\u7262\u7b3c\u7684\u94a5\u5319\u5176\u5b9e\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u624b\u91cc<\/strong>\u3002\u4f60\u4e00\u76f4\u4ee5\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u88ab\u9501\u4f4f\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u9501\u53ea\u662f\u4f60\u81ea\u5df1\u4ece\u91cc\u9762\u9501\u4e0a\u7684\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f60\u60f3\u88ab\u5173\u7740\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f60\u592a\u5bb3\u6015\u5916\u9762\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4e86\u3002\u6cbb\u7597\u5e08\u4e0d\u80fd\u66ff\u4f60\u5f00\u95e8\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u4f60\u770b\u5230\u90a3\u628a\u94a5\u5319\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u800c\u5f53\u4f60\u770b\u5230\u5b83\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u518d\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u56da\u5f92\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h3>5.2 \u6587\u5316\u6279\u5224\u7684\u950b\u8292<\/h3>\n<p>\u672c\u4e66\u8d85\u8d8a\u7eaf\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u59cb\u7ec8\u5e26\u7740\u51b7\u9759\u7684\u6587\u5316\u6279\u8bc4\u3002\u970d\u59ae\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u6587\u5316\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6279\u8bc4\u53ef\u4ee5\u6982\u62ec\u4e3a\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\uff1a<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6587\u5316\u5728\u9f13\u52b1\u6211\u4eec\u8d85\u8d8a\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u5728\u8150\u8680\u6211\u4eec\u7231\u4eba\u4e0e\u88ab\u7231\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u8ba9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u5728\u6697\u4e2d\u628a\u4ed6\u4eba\u5f53\u6210\u6f5c\u5728\u5bf9\u624b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u4eb2\u5bc6\u53d8\u5f97\u683c\u5916\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u66f4\u6df1\u5c42\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u5728\u4e8e\uff1a\u6587\u5316\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u8981\u6c42\u4f60\u72ec\u7acb\u3001\u5f3a\u5927\u3001\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8d56\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u53c8\u5728\u4f60\u8106\u5f31\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u544a\u8bc9\u4f60&quot;\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u662f\u4e00\u5ea7\u5b64\u5c9b&quot;\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u53cc\u91cd\u675f\u7f1a\uff0c\u662f\u795e\u7ecf\u75c7\u7684\u6e29\u5e8a\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>6. \u6846\u67b6\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u4e0e\u672a\u5c3d\u4e4b\u5904<\/h2>\n<p>\u4efb\u4f55\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u90fd\u6709\u5176\u8fb9\u754c\u3002\u9605\u8bfb\u970d\u59ae\u65f6\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u4fdd\u6301\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u91cd\u8b66\u89c9\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2460 \u6587\u5316\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u7684\u503e\u5411<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u970d\u59ae\u5728\u6279\u5224\u5f17\u6d1b\u4f0a\u5fb7\u751f\u7269\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u6ed1\u5411\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u7aef\u2014\u2014\u6587\u5316\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u3002\u5979\u628a\u795e\u7ecf\u75c7\u51e0\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u6587\u5316\u77db\u76fe\u548c\u517b\u80b2\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u5bf9\u9057\u4f20\u6c14\u8d28\u3001\u795e\u7ecf\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5dee\u5f02\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u7740\u58a8\u6781\u5c11\u3002\u5f53\u4ee3\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u7126\u8651\u969c\u788d\u6709\u663e\u8457\u7684\u9057\u4f20\u6210\u5206\uff08\u9057\u4f20\u7387\u7ea630%\u201440%\uff09\uff0c\u65e9\u671f\u521b\u4f24\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e5f\u90e8\u5206\u901a\u8fc7\u8868\u89c2\u9057\u4f20\u673a\u5236\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u56fe\u666f\u9700\u8981\u5c06\u6587\u5316\u5206\u6790\u4e0e\u751f\u7269\u57fa\u7840\u6574\u5408\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u975e\u6b64\u5373\u5f7c\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2461 \u5bf9&quot;\u6b63\u5e38&quot;\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u6a21\u7cca<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u970d\u59ae\u4ee5&quot;\u6587\u5316\u6240\u516c\u8ba4\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6a21\u5f0f&quot;\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5224\u65ad\u795e\u7ecf\u75c7\u7684\u57fa\u51c6\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e2a\u57fa\u51c6\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u6d41\u52a8\u7684\u3001\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u5316\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u75c5\u6001\u7684\uff0c\u90a3&quot;\u7b26\u5408\u6587\u5316\u6807\u51c6&quot;\u662f\u5426\u5c31\u7b49\u4e8e\u5065\u5eb7\uff1f\u970d\u59ae\u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6096\u8bba\u2014\u2014\u5979\u627f\u8ba4\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u666e\u904d\u7684\u75c5\u7406\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u5979\u6ca1\u6709\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u5979\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5728\u64cd\u4f5c\u5c42\u9762\u6709\u65f6\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u951a\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2462 \u9636\u7ea7\u4e0e\u79cd\u65cf\u7684\u76f2\u533a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u970d\u59ae\u7684\u4e34\u5e8a\u6837\u672c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f20\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0a\u534a\u53f6\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u767d\u4eba\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u3002\u5979\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684&quot;\u6587\u5316\u77db\u76fe&quot;\u2014\u2014\u7ade\u4e89\u4e0e\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u6495\u88c2\u3001\u6210\u529f\u5d07\u62dc\u4e0e\u4eb2\u5bc6\u532e\u4e4f\u2014\u2014\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u90a3\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u56f0\u5883\uff0c\u4f46\u672a\u5fc5\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u5957\u7528\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u9636\u7ea7\u3001\u79cd\u65cf\u6216\u6587\u5316\u80cc\u666f\u4e2d\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e95\u5c42\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7126\u8651\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u66f4\u591a\u6765\u81ea\u7269\u8d28\u532e\u4e4f\u548c\u751f\u5b58\u5a01\u80c1\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u6587\u5316\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u970d\u59ae\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u9700\u8981\u5728\u8de8\u6587\u5316\u3001\u8de8\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u8bed\u5883\u4e2d\u63a5\u53d7\u68c0\u9a8c\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2463 \u5bf9\u79ef\u6781\u9762\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u4e0d\u8db3<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u970d\u59ae\u64c5\u957f\u5206\u6790\u75c5\u7406\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u97e7\u6027\u3001\u521b\u9020\u529b\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u4fee\u590d\u80fd\u529b\u7740\u58a8\u8f83\u5c11\u3002\u5979\u63cf\u7ed8\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7126\u8651\u5f25\u6f2b\u3001\u9632\u5fa1\u91cd\u91cd\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u4f46\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u6076\u52a3\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u6210\u957f\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4e5f\u5e38\u5e38\u5c55\u73b0\u51fa\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u590d\u539f\u529b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u9762\u5728\u5979\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u5f97\u5230\u5145\u5206\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>7. \u4ece\u672c\u4e66\u5230\u540e\u7eed\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u7ebf\u7d22<\/h2>\n<p>\u672c\u4e66\u662f\u970d\u59ae\u7406\u8bba\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684&quot;\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e50\u7ae0&quot;\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u591a\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u540e\u7eed\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u66f4\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5c55\u5f00\uff1a<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u672c\u4e66\u4e2d\u7684\u840c\u82bd<\/th>\n<th>\u300a\u6211\u4eec\u5185\u5fc3\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u300b\uff081945\uff09<\/th>\n<th>\u300a\u795e\u7ecf\u75c7\u4e0e\u4eba\u7684\u6210\u957f\u300b\uff081950\uff09<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u4e09\u5927\u75c5\u6001\u8ffd\u6c42<\/td>\n<td>\u7cfb\u7edf\u5316\u4e3a&quot;\u4eb2\u8fd1\u4eba\u3001\u5bf9\u6297\u4eba\u3001\u9003\u907f\u4eba&quot;\u4e09\u79cd\u4eba\u683c\u7ed3\u6784<\/td>\n<td>\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a&quot;\u81ea\u6211\u81a8\u80c0&quot;\u7406\u8bba<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5bf9\u7231\u7684\u75c5\u6001\u9700\u6c42<\/td>\n<td>\u5f52\u5165&quot;\u987a\u4ece\u578b&quot;\u4eba\u683c<\/td>\n<td>\u4e0e&quot;\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u5f62\u8c61&quot;\u8054\u7ed3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5bf9\u6743\u529b\u7684\u75c5\u6001\u8ffd\u6c42<\/td>\n<td>\u5f52\u5165&quot;\u653b\u51fb\u578b&quot;\u4eba\u683c<\/td>\n<td>\u4e0e&quot;\u795e\u7ecf\u75c7\u9a84\u50b2&quot;\u8054\u7ed3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u9003\u907f\u7ade\u4e89<\/td>\n<td>\u5f52\u5165&quot;\u9000\u7f29\u578b&quot;\u4eba\u683c<\/td>\n<td>\u4e0e&quot;\u8fdc\u79bb\u81ea\u6211&quot;\u8054\u7ed3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u503e\u5411\u7684\u7aef\u502a<\/td>\n<td>\u63d0\u51fa&quot;\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u5f62\u8c61&quot;\u6982\u5ff5<\/td>\n<td>\u63d0\u51fa\u5b8c\u6574\u7684&quot;\u771f\u6211\/\u5047\u6211&quot;\u7406\u8bba<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u53d7\u82e6\u7684\u529f\u80fd<\/td>\n<td>\u672a\u5355\u72ec\u5c55\u5f00<\/td>\n<td>\u5728&quot;\u795e\u7ecf\u75c7\u6076\u6027\u5faa\u73af&quot;\u4e2d\u6574\u5408<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u8bfb\u5b8c\u672c\u4e66\u540e\u610f\u72b9\u672a\u5c3d\uff0c\u6700\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b65\u662f\u300a\u6211\u4eec\u5185\u5fc3\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u300b\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u66f4\u6210\u719f\u3001\u7ed3\u6784\u66f4\u7d27\u51d1\uff0c\u662f\u970d\u59ae\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u96c6\u5927\u6210\u4e4b\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>8. \u5f53\u4ee3\u542f\u793a\u4e0e\u4e2a\u4eba\u611f\u609f<\/h2>\n<p>\u5408\u4e0a\u6b64\u4e66\uff0c\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u5ff5\u5934\u4e45\u4e45\u76d8\u65cb\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2460 \u7406\u89e3\u90a3\u4e9b&quot;\u4e0d\u53ef\u7406\u55bb&quot;\u7684\u4eba<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u9047\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fc7\u5ea6\u7d22\u53d6\u7231\u3001\u8ff7\u604b\u63a7\u5236\u6216\u62fc\u547d\u8eb2\u5f00\u4e00\u5207\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u4eba\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u6025\u4e8e\u9053\u5fb7\u8bc4\u5224\u3002\u90a3\u4e2a\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u8ba9\u4eba\u75b2\u60eb\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5e95\u4e0b\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u53ea\u60ca\u6050\u7684\u3001\u7528\u53e4\u8001\u65b9\u5f0f\u52aa\u529b\u6c42\u751f\u7684\u5185\u5728\u5c0f\u5b69\u3002\u57fa\u672c\u7126\u8651\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u7ed9\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u66f4\u591a\u60b2\u60af\u4e4b\u5fc3\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u662f\u7eb5\u5bb9\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u7406\u89e3\u662f\u6539\u53d8\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2461 \u81ea\u6211\u5ba1\u89c6\u7684\u955c\u5b50<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4e66\u4e2d\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u75c7\u7279\u5f81\u5728\u5f53\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u5176\u5b9e\u5927\u91cf\u5b58\u5728\u2014\u2014\u5bf9\u70b9\u8d5e\u548c\u8ba4\u53ef\u7684\u5f3a\u8feb\u6027\u6e34\u6c42\uff0c\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eba\u6210\u5c31\u7684\u9690\u79d8\u5992\u610f\uff0c\u7528\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e0a\u7684\u53d1\u75af\u5f0f\u7ade\u4e89\u6765\u586b\u8865\u5185\u5728\u7a7a\u865a\u2026\u2026\u8bfb\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u5c31\u50cf\u7167\u4e00\u9762\u955c\u5b50\uff0c\u8feb\u4f7f\u6211\u53bb\u95ee\u81ea\u5df1\uff1a<strong>\u6211\u6240\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u6240\u9700\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5bf9\u7126\u8651\u7684\u4e0b\u610f\u8bc6\u9003\u7a9c\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u8fd9\u91cc\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5206\u5bf8\uff1a\u81ea\u6211\u5ba1\u89c6\u4e0d\u7b49\u4e8e\u81ea\u6211\u75c5\u7406\u5316\u3002\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u90fd\u662f&quot;\u75c5\u6001\u8ffd\u6c42&quot;\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4e0d\u5b89\u90fd\u662f&quot;\u57fa\u672c\u7126\u8651&quot;\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u90fd\u662f&quot;\u795e\u7ecf\u75c7\u6027\u7684&quot;\u3002\u970d\u59ae\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u662f\u900f\u955c\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u7262\u7b3c\u3002\u7528\u5b83\u6765\u7167\u4eae\u90a3\u4e9b\u771f\u6b63\u88ab\u5f3a\u8feb\u6027\u9a71\u529b\u88f9\u631f\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5c31\u597d\uff0c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u628a\u6574\u4e2a\u4eba\u751f\u90fd\u585e\u8fdb\u8bca\u65ad\u6846\u67b6\u91cc\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2462 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\u8fd9\u8ba9\u5979\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e&quot;\u795e\u7ecf\u75c7\u4eba\u683c&quot;\u7684\u8bca\u65ad\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e&quot;\u6b63\u5e38\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u75c5\u6001\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u4fdd\u6301\u6700\u4f4e\u9650\u5ea6\u5fc3\u7406\u5065\u5eb7&quot;\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u6307\u5357\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2463 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\/>\n<h2>\u7ed3\u8bed<\/h2>\n<p>\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u6ca1\u6709\u7ed9\u51fa\u901f\u6548\u7684&quot;\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6cd5&quot;\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u900f\u5f7b\u8ba4\u77e5\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u89e3\u653e\u3002\u5b83\u8ba9\u6211\u770b\u5230\uff1a\u5f88\u591a\u770b\u4f3c\u79c1\u5bc6\u7684\u3001\u7f9e\u803b\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u6495\u626f\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5fc3\u91cc\u6295\u4e0b\u7684\u5171\u540c\u5f71\u5b50\u3002\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u4e00\u5ea7\u5b64\u5c9b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u970d\u59ae\u6700\u7ec8\u4f20\u9012\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u60b2\u89c2\u2014\u2014\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6e05\u9192\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u81ea\u6b3a\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u770b\u6e05\u56f0\u5883\u7684\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u8ba4\u547d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5728\u770b\u6e05\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u505a\u51fa\u771f\u6b63\u5c5e\u4e8e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h1>\u4ece\u970d\u59ae\u5230 NPD\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u56de\u6eaf\u6027\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5e94\u7528<\/h1>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>\u8bf4\u660e<\/strong>\uff1a\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5185\u5bb9\u5e76\u975e\u970d\u59ae\u672c\u4eba\u5bf9 NPD \u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u8bba\u8ff0\u2014\u2014NPD \u4f5c\u4e3a\u6b63\u5f0f\u8bca\u65ad\u8981\u5230 1980 \u5e74 DSM-III \u624d\u786e\u7acb\uff0c\u970d\u59ae\u5199\u300a\u6211\u4eec\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u75c7\u4eba\u683c\u300b\u662f 1937 \u5e74\uff0c\u5979\u53bb\u4e16\u4e8e 1952 \u5e74\u3002\u4f46\u5979\u5728\u4e66\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u7684&quot;\u57fa\u672c\u7126\u8651&quot;&quot;\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u81ea\u6211\u5f62\u8c61&quot;&quot;\u5bf9\u6743\u529b\u548c\u8d5e\u7f8e\u7684\u75c5\u6001\u8ffd\u6c42&quot;\u7b49\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e0e\u540e\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u81ea\u604b\u4eba\u683c\u969c\u788d\u9ad8\u5ea6\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u7528\u970d\u59ae\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6846\u67b6\u5bf9 NPD \u6240\u505a\u7684\u56de\u6eaf\u6027\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u89e3\u91ca\u529b\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u900f\u955c\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u66ff\u4ee3\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bca\u65ad\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u6838\u5fc3\u516c\u5f0f<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u7ae5\u5e74\u57fa\u672c\u7126\u8651 + \u6781\u7aef\u517b\u80b2\u6a21\u5f0f \u2192 \u6784\u5efa\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u865a\u5047\u81ea\u6211 \u2192 \u628a&quot;\u81ea\u604b&quot;\u5f53\u4f5c\u552f\u4e00\u751f\u5b58\u7b56\u7565 \u2192 \u56fa\u5316\u4e3a\u4eba\u683c\u969c\u788d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u952e\u4e00\u53e5\uff1a<strong>\u81ea\u604b\u8005\u4e0d\u662f\u592a\u7231\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u6562\u9762\u5bf9\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u81ea\u5df1\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>1. \u8d77\u70b9\uff1a\u7ae5\u5e74\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7126\u8651\uff08\u970d\u59ae\u7684\u6839\u57fa\uff09<\/h2>\n<p>\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b69\u5b50\u5929\u751f\u5f31\u5c0f\u3001\u4f9d\u8d56\u5927\u4eba\uff0c\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u662f\uff1a<strong>\u88ab\u771f\u5b9e\u770b\u89c1\u3001\u88ab\u7a33\u5b9a\u63a5\u7eb3\u3001\u6709\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u611f\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u65e6\u8fd9\u4efd\u6e29\u6696\u957f\u671f\u7f3a\u5931\uff0c\u5b69\u5b50\u5c31\u4f1a\u9677\u5165\u970d\u59ae\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7126\u8651\uff1a<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u4e16\u754c\u5145\u6ee1\u654c\u610f\uff0c\u6211\u6e3a\u5c0f\u3001\u65e0\u52a9\u3001\u4e0d\u914d\u88ab\u7231\uff0c\u968f\u65f6\u4f1a\u88ab\u629b\u5f03\u6216\u7f9e\u8fb1\u3002<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u8fd9\u662f\u6240\u6709 NPD \u7684\u5e95\u5c42\u571f\u58e4\u3002\u4f46\u9700\u8981\u5f3a\u8c03\uff1a\u57fa\u672c\u7126\u8651\u4e0d\u662f\u67d0\u4e00\u6b21\u5177\u4f53\u4f24\u5bb3\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u662f<strong>\u6574\u4f53\u5173\u7cfb\u6c1b\u56f4<\/strong>\u957f\u671f\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b69\u5b50\u53ef\u80fd\u8bf4\u4e0d\u51fa&quot;\u7236\u6bcd\u54ea\u91cc\u505a\u9519\u4e86&quot;\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u548c\u60c5\u7eea\u77e5\u9053\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fe1\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>2. \u89e6\u53d1\uff1a\u51e0\u79cd\u9ad8\u5ea6\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u517b\u80b2\u6a21\u5f0f<\/h2>\n<p>\u4e34\u5e8a\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u517b\u80b2\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0e NPD \u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u9ad8\u5ea6\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u9700\u8981\u8bf4\u660e\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5355\u4e00\u6a21\u5f0f\u662f&quot;100%\u5fc5\u7136\u5bfc\u81f4 NPD&quot;\u7684\u2014\u2014\u6c14\u8d28\u3001\u795e\u7ecf\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u56e0\u7d20\u3001\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff08\u540c\u4f34\u3001\u5b66\u6821\u3001\u65e9\u671f\u521b\u4f24\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff09\u90fd\u662f\u53c2\u4e0e\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\u4f46\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6a21\u5f0f\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u4e34\u5e8a\u4e0a\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u3001\u5173\u8054\u6700\u5f3a\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>\u2460 \u6eba\u7231 \/ \u5439\u6367\u578b\uff08\u901a\u5411\u663e\u6027\u81ea\u604b\uff09<\/h3>\n<p>\u7236\u6bcd\u53ea\u7231&quot;\u5b8c\u7f8e\u3001\u7279\u6b8a\u3001\u5168\u80fd&quot;\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u65e0\u5e95\u7ebf\u5730\u5938\uff0c\u4ece\u4e0d\u63d0\u7f3a\u70b9<\/li>\n<li>\u628a\u5b69\u5b50\u5f53&quot;\u5c0f\u7687\u5e1d&quot;\uff0c\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u90fd\u8be5\u56f4\u7740\u8f6c<\/li>\n<li>\u4e0d\u6559\u5171\u60c5\u3001\u4e0d\u6559\u8fb9\u754c\uff0c\u5b69\u5b50\u89c9\u5f97\u81ea\u5df1\u5929\u751f\u4eab\u6709\u7279\u6743<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u5b69\u5b50\u5185\u5316<\/strong>\uff1a\u6211\u5fc5\u987b\u5b8c\u7f8e\u3001\u7279\u6b8a\uff0c\u624d\u914d\u6d3b\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>\u2461 \u5ffd\u89c6 \/ \u8d2c\u4f4e \/ \u7f9e\u8fb1\u578b\uff08\u901a\u5411\u9690\u6027\u81ea\u604b\uff09<\/h3>\n<p>\u7236\u6bcd\u5b8c\u5168\u51b7\u6f20\u3001\u6253\u538b\u3001\u60c5\u611f\u9057\u5f03\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u4ece\u4e0d\u56de\u5e94\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u9700\u6c42<\/li>\n<li>\u5f00\u53e3\u5c31\u662f\u5426\u5b9a\u3001\u5632\u8bbd\u3001\u7f9e\u8fb1<\/li>\n<li>\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u611f\u53d7\u662f\uff1a\u6211\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u6837\u5b50\u4e00\u6587\u4e0d\u503c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u5b69\u5b50\u5185\u5316<\/strong>\uff1a\u6211\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u592a\u5f31\u5c0f\u3001\u592a\u53ef\u803b\u4e86\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u9020\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u5047\u6211\u6765\u4fdd\u62a4\u81ea\u5df1\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>\u2462 \u4ea4\u66ff\u578b \/ \u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u578b\uff08\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u4e5f\u6700\u5371\u9669\uff09<\/h3>\n<p>\u4e34\u5e8a\u4e2d\u5927\u91cf NPD \u60a3\u8005\u7684\u7ae5\u5e74\u4e0d\u662f\u5355\u7eaf\u7684&quot;\u6eba\u7231&quot;\u6216&quot;\u5ffd\u89c6&quot;\uff0c\u800c\u662f<strong>\u4e24\u8005\u5728\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u77e5\u7684\u8282\u594f\u4e2d\u4ea4\u66ff\u51fa\u73b0<\/strong>\u2014\u2014\u7236\u6bcd\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u65f6\u523b\u628a\u5b69\u5b50\u6367\u4e0a\u5929\uff0c\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u65f6\u523b\u53c8\u51b7\u6f20\u5730\u6454\u4e0b\u6765\u3002\u5b69\u5b50\u6c38\u8fdc\u65e0\u6cd5\u786e\u5b9a&quot;\u4eca\u5929\u8fce\u63a5\u6211\u7684\u662f\u54ea\u4e00\u4e2a\u7248\u672c\u7684\u7236\u6bcd&quot;\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u517b\u80b2\u6a21\u5f0f\u6700\u63a5\u8fd1\u970d\u59ae\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684&quot;\u5de8\u4eba\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u7684\u5b69\u5b50&quot;\u2014\u2014\u95ee\u9898\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u7236\u6bcd\u662f&quot;\u574f\u7684&quot;\u8fd8\u662f&quot;\u597d\u7684&quot;\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e8e<strong>\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b<\/strong>\u3002\u5b69\u5b50\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u5b66\u4f1a\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u7231\u6216\u6068\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u66f4\u6df1\u5c42\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff1a<strong>\u6211\u5fc5\u987b\u65f6\u523b\u76d1\u63a7\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u6765\u51b3\u5b9a\u6211\u4eca\u5929\u662f\u8c01\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u6700\u5371\u9669\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u76f4\u63a5\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e86 NPD \u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u80fd\u529b\u2014\u2014<strong>\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eba\u60c5\u7eea\u548c\u8bc4\u4ef7\u7684\u8fc7\u5ea6\u654f\u611f\u4e0e\u5de5\u5177\u5316\u5229\u7528<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>\u6c14\u8d28\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u8865\u5145<\/h3>\n<p>\u540c\u4e00\u5bf9\u7236\u6bcd\u517b\u80b2\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b69\u5b50\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa NPD\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ca1\u6709\u3002\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u5dee\u5f02\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u7528\u517b\u80b2\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u5171\u60c5\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u57fa\u7840\u3001\u60c5\u7eea\u8c03\u8282\u7684\u6c14\u8d28\u503e\u5411\u3001\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u8bc4\u4ef7\u7684\u5148\u5929\u654f\u611f\u5ea6\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u6210\u5206\u3002\u970d\u59ae\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u5f3a\u8c03\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u4f46\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u56fe\u666f\u9700\u8981\u627f\u8ba4\uff1a<strong>\u517b\u80b2\u6a21\u5f0f\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u662f&quot;\u5f39\u836f&quot;\uff0c\u800c\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u6c14\u8d28\u503e\u5411\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86&quot;\u88c5\u5f39&quot;\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>3. \u5173\u952e\u4e00\u6b65\uff1a\u6784\u5efa\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u865a\u5047\u81ea\u6211\uff08\u970d\u59ae\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5e94\u7528\uff09<\/h2>\n<p>\u771f\u5b9e\u81ea\u6211\u592a\u8106\u5f31\u3001\u592a\u75db\u82e6\u3001\u88ab\u53cd\u590d\u78be\u788e\uff0c\u5b69\u5b50\u5728\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u4e2d\u6784\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5047\u4eba\u683c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u94e0\u7532\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u6211\u662f\u5168\u80fd\u7684\u3001\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u3001\u72ec\u4e00\u65e0\u4e8c\u7684<\/li>\n<li>\u6211\u4e0d\u80fd\u6709\u5f31\u70b9\u3001\u4e0d\u80fd\u8f93\u3001\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u6279\u8bc4<\/li>\n<li>\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u8be5\u8ba4\u53ef\u6211\u3001\u670d\u4ece\u6211<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u4fe1\uff0c\u662f\u5bf9\u6297\u57fa\u672c\u7126\u8651\u7684\u9632\u5fa1\u94e0\u7532\u3002<\/strong> \u4e00\u65e6\u94e0\u7532\u88ab\u51fb\u7a7f\u2014\u2014\u906d\u9047\u6279\u8bc4\u3001\u5931\u8d25\u3001\u88ab\u5ffd\u89c6\u2014\u2014\u4e2a\u4f53\u5c31\u4f1a\u8dcc\u56de\u7ae5\u5e74\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u75db\u82e6\u4e0e\u6050\u614c\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u970d\u59ae\u6240\u8bf4\u7684&quot;\u57fa\u672c\u7126\u8651\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u4f53\u9a8c&quot;\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u970d\u59ae\u5728\u4e66\u4e2d\u5df2\u7ecf\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u503e\u5411\u7684\u7aef\u502a\uff1a\u795e\u7ecf\u75c7\u4eba\u683c\u8005\u4e0d\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e8e\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a&quot;\u8fd8\u4e0d\u9519\u7684\u4eba&quot;\uff0c\u800c\u5fc5\u987b\u6210\u4e3a&quot;\u6700\u597d\u7684&quot;&quot;\u4e0d\u53ef\u66ff\u4ee3\u7684&quot;&quot;\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684&quot;\u3002NPD \u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u503e\u5411\u7684\u6781\u7aef\u5316\u2014\u2014<strong>\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u81ea\u6211\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u5076\u5c14\u7684\u5e7b\u60f3\uff0c\u800c\u6210\u4e86\u552f\u4e00\u88ab\u627f\u8ba4\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>4. \u56fa\u5316\uff1a\u94e0\u7532\u53d8\u6210\u7ec8\u8eab\u4eba\u683c<\/h2>\n<p>\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u4f4f\u5047\u6211\uff0c\u5b69\u5b50\u957f\u5927\u540e\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u80fd\u91cf\u6295\u5165\u5230\u7ef4\u62a4\u5b83\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u56fa\u5b9a\u6210 NPD \u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8868\u73b0\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>NPD \u7684\u5916\u5728\u8868\u73b0<\/th>\n<th>\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u529f\u80fd\uff08\u970d\u59ae\u6846\u67b6\u4e0b\u7684\u89e3\u8bfb\uff09<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u75af\u72c2\u9700\u8981\u8d5e\u7f8e<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u5916\u754c\u8ba4\u53ef = \u7ed9\u94e0\u7532\u6301\u7eed\u5145\u6c14\uff1b\u6ca1\u6709\u8d5e\u7f8e\uff0c\u94e0\u7532\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u6f0f\u6c14<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u5b8c\u5168\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5171\u60c5<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u770b\u4e0d\u89c1\u522b\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u6240\u6709\u7cbe\u529b\u90fd\u7528\u6765\u5b88\u62a4\u5047\u6211\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4f59\u529b\u5173\u6ce8\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u5185\u5728\u4e16\u754c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u8d2c\u4f4e \/ \u5265\u524a\u4ed6\u4eba<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u628a\u522b\u4eba\u8e29\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u5728\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e2d\u786e\u8ba4&quot;\u6211\u4f18\u8d8a&quot;\u2014\u2014\u970d\u59ae\u6240\u8bf4\u7684&quot;\u75c5\u6001\u7ade\u4e89&quot;\u7684\u6781\u7aef\u5f62\u5f0f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u6781\u7aef\u5bb3\u6015\u6279\u8bc4<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u6279\u8bc4 = \u6233\u7834\u94e0\u7532 = \u76f4\u9762\u539f\u751f\u75db\u82e6 \u2192 \u89e6\u53d1\u66b4\u6012\u6216\u53cd\u51fb\uff08\u970d\u59ae\u6240\u8bf4\u7684&quot;\u88ab\u538b\u6291\u7684\u654c\u610f&quot;\u7684\u7206\u53d1\uff09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>5. \u81ea\u6211\u5f3a\u5316\u7684\u87ba\u65cb<\/h2>\n<p>\u5230\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u673a\u5236\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u70b9\u660e\uff1aNPD \u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u7ae5\u5e74\u521b\u4f24\u7684\u9759\u6001\u540e\u679c\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a<strong>\u6301\u7eed\u8fd0\u8f6c\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u5f3a\u5316\u7cfb\u7edf<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5047\u6211\u4e00\u65e6\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u5730\u8fc7\u6ee4\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u53ea\u63a5\u6536<strong>\u786e\u8ba4\u5047\u6211<\/strong>\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff08&quot;\u679c\u7136\uff0c\u6211\u662f\u7279\u522b\u7684&quot;\uff09<\/li>\n<li>\u6392\u65a5<strong>\u5a01\u80c1\u5047\u6211<\/strong>\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff08&quot;\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6279\u8bc4\u4e0d\u503c\u5f97\u7406\u776c&quot;&quot;\u90a3\u4e2a\u4eba\u5728\u5ac9\u5992\u6211&quot;\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u8fc7\u6ee4\u4e0d\u65ad\u52a0\u56fa\u5047\u6211\uff0c\u800c\u52a0\u56fa\u540e\u7684\u5047\u6211\u53c8\u66f4\u52a0\u6392\u65a5\u771f\u5b9e\u53cd\u9988\u2014\u2014\u4e8e\u662f\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u87ba\u65cb\uff1a<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>\u5047\u6211 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\u5e74\u5c31\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u5728\u6279\u91cf\u5236\u9020\u81ea\u604b\u7684\u6e29\u5e8a\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5d07\u62dc\u6210\u529f\u3001\u6743\u529b\u3001\u4f18\u8d8a\u611f<\/li>\n<li>\u7ade\u4e89\u81f3\u4e0a\uff0c\u628a\u4ed6\u4eba\u5f53\u5bf9\u624b\u800c\u975e\u540c\u4f34<\/li>\n<li>\u5f3a\u8c03&quot;\u7279\u6b8a\u3001\u51fa\u4f17&quot;\u624d\u503c\u5f97\u88ab\u770b\u89c1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u793e\u4ea4\u5a92\u4f53\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u503e\u5411\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u5730\u653e\u5927\uff1a\u70b9\u8d5e\u6570\u6210\u4e86\u81ea\u6211\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u5b9e\u65f6\u4eea\u8868\u76d8\uff0c\u7c89\u4e1d\u91cf\u6210\u4e86&quot;\u6211\u662f\u5426\u91cd\u8981&quot;\u7684\u91cf\u5316\u6307\u6807\uff0c\u7cbe\u5fc3\u7b56\u5c55\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u5f62\u8c61\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u8868\u8fbe\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c<strong>\u6211\u4eec\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u88ab\u8bad\u7ec3\u7740\u53bb\u7ef4\u62a4\u4e00\u4e2a&quot;\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u7684\u516c\u5f00\u81ea\u6211&quot;<\/strong>\u2014\u2014\u53ea\u662f\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u7684\u94e0\u7532\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u539a\u5230\u6210\u4e3a\u4eba\u683c\u969c\u788d\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u603b\u7ed3<\/h2>\n<p>\u7528\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u6982\u62ec\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6846\u67b6\uff1a<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>NPD \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5728\u7ae5\u5e74\u7f3a\u7231\u6216\u88ab\u6367\u6740\u7684\u521b\u4f24\u4e2d\uff0c\u7528\u5168\u80fd\u81ea\u604b\u7684\u5047\u9762\u5177\u6b7b\u6b7b\u9632\u5fa1&quot;\u6211\u6e3a\u5c0f\u3001\u6211\u4e0d\u914d\u3001\u6211\u4e0d\u5b89\u5168&quot;\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7126\u8651\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u628a\u9762\u5177\u5f53\u6210\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u2014\u2014\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u5e72\u9884\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u518d\u4e5f\u6458\u4e0d\u4e0b\u6765\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u6700\u540e\u534a\u53e5\u7684\u9650\u5b9a\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002NPD \u7684\u6cbb\u7597\u6781\u5176\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e34\u5e8a\u4e2d\uff0c\u56fe\u5f0f\u7597\u6cd5\uff08Schema 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\u5361\u4f26\u00b7\u970d\u59ae\uff08Karen 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