{"id":5494,"date":"2026-06-21T10:48:04","date_gmt":"2026-06-21T02:48:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.liangliang.org.cn\/?p=5494"},"modified":"2026-06-21T22:21:04","modified_gmt":"2026-06-21T14:21:04","slug":"%e5%ad%98%e5%9c%a8%e7%9a%84%e8%bf%bd%e9%97%ae%e4%b8%8e%e8%ae%a4%e8%af%86%e7%9a%84%e7%95%8c%e9%99%90-%e6%a6%82%e5%bf%b5%e7%bc%96%e7%bb%87%e7%9a%84%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%a6%e5%af%bc%e8%ae%ba","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.liangliang.org.cn\/?p=5494","title":{"rendered":"\u6982\u5ff5\u7f16\u7ec7\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.liangliang.org.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Raffael-Scuola-di-Atene-1509\u20131511-e1782021910252.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.liangliang.org.cn\/philosophy\/index.html\" title=\"Philosophy\">Philosophy<\/a><\/p>\n<h1>\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u8ffd\u95ee\u4e0e\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u754c\u9650\u2014\u2014\u6982\u5ff5\u7f16\u7ec7\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba<\/h1>\n<h2>\u5bfc\u8bba\uff1a\u4e00\u5207\u59cb\u4e8e\u60ca\u5f02<\/h2>\n<p>\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u8bf4\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u59cb\u4e8e\u60ca\u5f02\u3002\u4eba\u7ad9\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u73af\u987e\u4e07\u7269\uff0c\u5ffd\u7136\u88ab\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u6734\u7d20\u4e5f\u6700\u9a87\u4eba\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u51fb\u4e2d\uff1a<strong>\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6709\u7269\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4e00\u65e0\u6240\u6709\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u6ca1\u6709\u56de\u907f\u7684\u4f59\u5730\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u67d0\u95e8\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u4e13\u95e8\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u5207\u5b66\u79d1\u5f97\u4ee5\u6210\u7acb\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u539f\u521d\u56f0\u60d1\u3002\u5bf9\u5b83\u7684\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u660e\u5982\u4f55\u7406\u89e3\u81ea\u8eab\u3001\u7406\u89e3\u4e16\u754c\u3001\u7406\u89e3\u4e8c\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u7528\u4e86\u4e24\u5343\u4e94\u767e\u5e74\u6765\u56de\u5e94\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u56de\u5e94\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0d\u662f\u5806\u79ef\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e0d\u65ad\u6df1\u5316\u8ffd\u95ee\u672c\u8eab\u2014\u2014\u6bcf\u4e00\u4ee3\u4eba\u53d1\u73b0\u524d\u4e00\u4ee3\u4eba\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u4e2d\u85cf\u7740\u65b0\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u8ffd\u95ee\u88ab\u63a8\u8fdb\u4e00\u5c42\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u672f\u8bed\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u672f\u8bed\u4e0d\u662f\u88c5\u9970\u54c1\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u601d\u60f3\u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u8f6c\u6298\u70b9\u4e0a\u953b\u9020\u51fa\u7684\u7cbe\u5bc6\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\u90fd\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u4e00\u6b21\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u7684\u5206\u8fa8\u2014\u2014\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7528\u5b83\u6765\u5207\u5f00\u4e4b\u524d\u6df7\u6dc6\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8054\u7ed3\u4e4b\u524d\u5272\u88c2\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u90e8\u5bfc\u8bba\u6240\u8981\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7684\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u6838\u5fc3\u54f2\u5b66\u6982\u5ff5\u6784\u6210\u7684\u4e25\u5bc6\u601d\u60f3\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u5b83\u4ece\u524d\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u5bf9<strong>\u672c\u539f<\/strong>\u7684\u63a2\u5bfb\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u7ecf\u5df4\u95e8\u5c3c\u5fb7\u951a\u5b9a<strong>\u5b58\u5728<\/strong>\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5728\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u4e0e\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u624b\u4e2d\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u5730\u57fa\uff1b\u7a7f\u8fc7\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0e\u7406\u6027\u7684\u7ea0\u7f20\uff0c\u5728\u8fd1\u4ee3\u50ac\u751f\u51fa\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u5927\u5206\u88c2\uff1b\u5728\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u5b8c\u6210\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u8ba4\u8bc6\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5168\u9762\u5ba1\u67e5\uff0c\u5728\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u7684\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5\u4e2d\u62b5\u8fbe\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u9876\u5cf0\uff1b\u7ecf\u7531\u5c3c\u91c7\u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u5f7b\u5e95\u6d88\u89e3\uff0c\u9762\u5bf9\u4e09\u91cd\u53cd\u53db\u2014\u2014\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u5bf9\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u98a0\u5012\u3001\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u5bf9\u610f\u8bc6\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u52d8\u5bdf\u3001\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b66\u5bf9\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u6e05\u7b97\u2014\u2014\u9010\u4e00\u5c55\u5f00\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u5728\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u4e2d\u56de\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u6839\u672c\u95ee\u9898\uff1a<strong>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u8bf4\u660e\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u672c\u4e66\u5448\u73b0\u7684\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u4ee5\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u4e4b\u8ffd\u95ee\u4e0e\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e4b\u5212\u754c\u201d\u4e3a\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u601d\u60f3\u7ebf\u7d22\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2\u53d9\u4e8b\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u7f8e\u5b66\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u54f2\u5b66\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u90fd\u6709\u81ea\u8eab\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u6f14\u8fdb\u8109\u7edc\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u8fb9\u7f18\u601d\u60f3\u4e0e\u5973\u6027\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u4e5f\u957f\u671f\u88ab\u4e3b\u6d41\u53d9\u4e8b\u6240\u906e\u853d\u3002\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6761\u4e3b\u7ebf\u8fdb\u5165\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u642d\u5efa\u6700\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\uff1b\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u56fe\u666f\uff0c\u8fdc\u6bd4\u4e00\u6761\u4e3b\u7ebf\u66f4\u4e3a\u4e30\u5bcc\u4e0e\u591a\u5143\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4efd\u672f\u8bed\u6e05\u5355\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u5f20\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5730\u5f62\u56fe\u2014\u2014\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u90fd\u7531\u5b83\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u5173\u7cfb\u6240\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u6b21\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8bde\u751f\u4e0e\u5b17\u53d8\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5bf9\u524d\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u4e5f\u90fd\u57cb\u4e0b\u4e86\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u79cd\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0 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\u672c\u539f\u4e4b\u601d\uff1a\u524d\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u8bba<\/h3>\n<p>\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f62\u6001\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u54f2\u5b66\u3002\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u4eba\u4e0d\u518d\u7528\u795e\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u89e3\u91ca\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8bd5\u56fe\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u5185\u90e8\u627e\u5230\u4e07\u7269\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6839\u6e90\u2014\u2014<strong>\u672c\u539f<\/strong>\uff08arche\uff09\u3002\u672c\u539f\u662f\u4e07\u7269\u4ece\u5b83\u800c\u6765\u3001\u6bc1\u706d\u540e\u53c8\u590d\u5f52\u4e8e\u5b83\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u662f\u6d41\u53d8\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u57fa\u5e95\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6cf0\u52d2\u65af\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u54f2\u5b66\u5316\u7684\u7b54\u6848\uff1a&quot;\u6c34\u662f\u4e07\u7269\u7684\u672c\u539f&quot;\u3002\u8fd9\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u4eba\u7c7b\u5f00\u59cb\u7528\u81ea\u7136\u672c\u8eab\u89e3\u91ca\u81ea\u7136\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u8bc9\u8bf8\u795e\u8bdd\u3002\u968f\u540e\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6cbf\u7740\u8fd9\u6761\u9053\u8def\u4e0d\u65ad\u63a8\u8fdb\uff1a\u8d6b\u62c9\u514b\u5229\u7279\u8ba4\u4e3a\u672c\u539f\u662f&quot;\u706b&quot;\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u51fa<strong>\u903b\u5404\u65af<\/strong>\uff08logos\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e07\u7269\u751f\u706d\u7684\u666e\u904d\u5c3a\u5ea6\u2014\u2014\u4e07\u7269\u7686\u6d41\uff0c\u65e0\u7269\u5e38\u9a7b\uff0c\u4f46\u6d41\u53d8\u672c\u8eab\u9075\u5faa\u7740\u53ef\u88ab\u7406\u6027\u628a\u63e1\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\u3002\u8d6b\u62c9\u514b\u5229\u7279\u7684&quot;\u6d41\u53d8&quot;\u4e0e&quot;\u903b\u5404\u65af&quot;\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u57cb\u4e0b\u4e86<strong>\u73b0\u8c61<\/strong>\uff08\u6d41\u53d8\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff09\u4e0e<strong>\u672c\u8d28<\/strong>\uff08\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\uff09\u7684\u5f20\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0e\u8d6b\u62c9\u514b\u5229\u7279\u540c\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u6bd5\u8fbe\u54e5\u62c9\u65af\u5b66\u6d3e\u5219\u8d70\u5411\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\uff1a\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e07\u7269\u7684\u672c\u539f\u662f&quot;\u6570&quot;\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u6570\u5b66\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u611f\u6027\u4e8b\u7269\u53ea\u662f\u6570\u7684\u663e\u73b0\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u660e\u786e\u63d0\u51fa\uff1a\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u662f\u8d85\u611f\u6027\u7684\u3001\u53ea\u6709\u7406\u6027\u624d\u80fd\u628a\u63e1\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u4e3a\u540e\u6765\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u8bba\u5f00\u8f9f\u4e86\u9053\u8def\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7a0d\u665a\u7684\u5fb7\u8c1f\u514b\u5229\u7279\u5c06\u81ea\u7136\u54f2\u5b66\u63a8\u5411\u4e86\u6734\u7d20\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u9876\u5cf0\uff0c\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa<strong>\u539f\u5b50\u8bba<\/strong>\uff1a\u4e07\u7269\u7684\u672c\u539f\u662f<strong>\u539f\u5b50<\/strong>\uff08atomos\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u5272\u8005\uff09\u4e0e<strong>\u865a\u7a7a<\/strong>\u3002\u539f\u5b50\u662f\u575a\u5b9e\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u3001\u6570\u91cf\u65e0\u9650\u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u7269\u8d28\u5fae\u7c92\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u865a\u7a7a\u4e2d\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6392\u5217\u7ec4\u5408\u4e0e\u78b0\u649e\u805a\u5408\u6210\u4e07\u7269\uff1b\u4e07\u7269\u7684\u751f\u706d\u5c31\u662f\u539f\u5b50\u7684\u805a\u6563\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u76ee\u7684\u4e0e\u795e\u610f\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u89c4\u5f8b\u3002\u539f\u5b50\u8bba\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4ee5\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u662f\u8fd1\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u539f\u5b50\u8bba\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u524d\u9a71\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e3a\u5e0c\u814a\u5316\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u4f0a\u58c1\u9e20\u9c81\u5b66\u6d3e\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u81ea\u7136\u54f2\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>1.2 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\/ Sein\uff09\u63d0\u5347\u4e3a\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f71\u54cd\u6574\u4e2a\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u6839\u672c\u547d\u9898\uff1a<strong>\u601d\u7ef4\u4e0e\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u7684<\/strong>\u2014\u2014\u80fd\u88ab\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u4e0e\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u65e0\u6cd5\u88ab\u601d\u7ef4\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u547d\u9898\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66&quot;\u601d\u7ef4\u4e0e\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u540c\u4e00\u6027&quot;\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e5f\u5212\u5b9a\u4e86\u7406\u6027\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u6839\u672c\u8fb9\u754c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5df4\u95e8\u5c3c\u5fb7\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u829d\u8bfa\u5219\u7528\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6096\u8bba\uff08\u5982\u98de\u77e2\u4e0d\u52a8\u3001\u963f\u57fa\u91cc\u65af\u8ffd\u4e0d\u4e0a\u4e4c\u9f9f\uff09\u8fa9\u62a4\u4e86\u8001\u5e08\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff1a\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e0e\u6742\u591a\u5728\u903b\u8f91\u4e0a\u662f\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ea\u662f\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u5e7b\u76f8\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u4e14\u4e0d\u52a8\u7684\u3002\u829d\u8bfa\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c55\u793a\u4e86<strong>\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5<\/strong>\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\u6027\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u4e5f\u628a&quot;\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u6027&quot;\u4e0e&quot;\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u9759\u6b62\u6027&quot;\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u6446\u5230\u4e86\u54f2\u5b66\u9762\u524d\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>1.3 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\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0e\u7406\u6027\uff1a\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4e4b\u601d<\/h2>\n<p>\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0d\u662f\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4e2d\u65ad\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u8bed\u5883\u4e0b\u7684\u5ef6\u4f38\u4e0e\u53d8\u5f62\u3002\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0e\u7406\u6027\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u662f\u8d2f\u7a7f\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u7ebf\u7d22\uff1b\u800c<strong>\u5171\u76f8\u95ee\u9898<\/strong>\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u5219\u76f4\u63a5\u627f\u63a5\u4e86\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u4e0e\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u4e4b\u4e89\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b66\u57cb\u4e0b\u4e86\u4f0f\u7b14\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>2.1 \u6559\u7236\u54f2\u5b66\uff1a\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5bfb\u6c42\u7406\u89e3<\/h3>\n<p>\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6700\u521d\u662f\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u5f53\u5b83\u9700\u8981\u5728\u5e0c\u814a-\u7f57\u9a6c\u4e16\u754c\u83b7\u5f97\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u501f\u52a9\u54f2\u5b66\u6765\u8bba\u8bc1\u6559\u4e49\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u8bde\u751f\u4e86\u6559\u7236\u54f2\u5b66\u3002\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u4e3b\u5f20\u662f&quot;<strong>\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5bfb\u6c42\u7406\u89e3<\/strong>&quot;\uff1a\u5148\u6709\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u518d\u7528\u7406\u6027\u53bb\u89e3\u91ca\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6700\u5177\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u7684\u662f\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\u3002\u4ed6\u7528\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u4e3b\u4e49\u9610\u91ca\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6559\u4e49\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u4e0e\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u89c2\u70b9\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u795e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6700\u9ad8\u5b58\u5728<\/strong>\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u6c38\u6052\u3001\u5b8c\u6ee1\u3001\u5168\u5584\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u5207\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u5149\u7167\u8bf4<\/strong>\uff1a\u4eba\u7684\u5fc3\u7075\u9700\u8981\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684&quot;\u5149\u7167&quot;\u624d\u80fd\u628a\u63e1\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u771f\u7406\u4e0e\u7406\u5ff5\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u65f6\u95f4\u7406\u8bba<\/strong>\uff1a\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0d\u662f\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u7269\u7406\u6d41\u901d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5fc3\u7075\u7684\u5ef6\u5c55\u2014\u2014\u8fc7\u53bb\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u8bb0\u5fc6\u4e2d\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u76f4\u89c2\u4e2d\uff0c\u672a\u6765\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u671f\u671b\u4e2d\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5219\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e8e\u65f6\u95f4\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u662f\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u73b0\u5728\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u610f\u5fd7\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u6076\u7684\u95ee\u9898<\/strong>\uff1a\u6076\u4e0d\u662f\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u662f&quot;\u5584\u7684\u7f3a\u4e4f&quot;\uff1b\u4eba\u6709\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u6076\u6e90\u4e8e\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u5bf9\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u80cc\u79bb\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>2.2 \u7ecf\u9662\u54f2\u5b66\uff1a\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5316<\/h3>\n<p>11\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u901a\u8fc7\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4e16\u754c\u91cd\u65b0\u4f20\u56de\u6b27\u6d32\uff0c\u7ecf\u9662\u54f2\u5b66\u968f\u4e4b\u5174\u8d77\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5b89\u745f\u5c14\u8c1f\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8457\u540d\u7684<strong>\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u8bc1\u660e<\/strong>\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f&quot;\u65e0\u4e0e\u4f26\u6bd4\u7684\u5b8c\u6ee1\u5b58\u5728\u8005&quot;\uff0c\u5b8c\u6ee1\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u5fc5\u7136\u5305\u542b\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5fc5\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ece\u6982\u5ff5\u76f4\u63a5\u63a8\u51fa\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u5f00\u542f\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e&quot;\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u8c13\u8bcd&quot;\u7684\u957f\u671f\u4e89\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7ecf\u9662\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u9876\u5cf0\u662f\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u963f\u594e\u90a3\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u4ed6\u533a\u5206\u4e86<strong>\u7406\u6027\u771f\u7406<\/strong>\u4e0e<strong>\u542f\u793a\u771f\u7406<\/strong>\uff0c\u4e8c\u8005\u5e76\u4e0d\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u6765\u81ea\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u771f\u7406\u7684\u6e90\u5934\u2014\u2014\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86<strong>\u4e94\u8def\u8bc1\u660e<\/strong>\u6765\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff1a\u4ece\u8fd0\u52a8\u3001\u52a8\u529b\u56e0\u3001\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u3001\u5b8c\u6ee1\u6027\u3001\u76ee\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u7b2c\u4e00\u63a8\u52a8\u8005\u3001\u7b2c\u4e00\u56e0\u3001\u7edd\u5bf9\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u3001\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u5b8c\u6ee1\u8005\u3001\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8005\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5728\u5b58\u5728\u4e0e\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0a\uff0c\u963f\u594e\u90a3\u63d0\u51fa\uff1a\u5728\u53d7\u9020\u7269\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u4e0e\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u5206\u79bb\u7684\u2014\u2014\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u5b83\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff1b\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u4e0e\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u7684\u2014\u2014\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u5c31\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u672c\u8eab\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>2.3 \u552f\u540d\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u5728\u8bba\uff1a\u5171\u76f8\u4e4b\u4e89\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u610f\u4e49<\/h3>\n<p>\u8d2f\u7a7f\u6574\u4e2a\u7ecf\u9662\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u4e89\u8bba\u662f<strong>\u5171\u76f8\u95ee\u9898<\/strong>\uff1a\u5171\u76f8\uff08\u666e\u904d\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5982&quot;\u4eba&quot;&quot;\u5584&quot;\uff09\u662f\u5426\u771f\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\uff1f<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u5b9e\u5728\u8bba<\/strong>\uff1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5171\u76f8\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u4e2a\u522b\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u6781\u7aef\u5b9e\u5728\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5171\u76f8\u5148\u4e8e\u4e8b\u7269\u5b58\u5728\uff08\u5bf9\u5e94\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u8bba\uff09\uff1b\u6e29\u548c\u5b9e\u5728\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5171\u76f8\u5bd3\u4e8e\u4e8b\u7269\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff08\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u552f\u540d\u8bba<\/strong>\uff1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5171\u76f8\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u771f\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u53ea\u6709\u4e2a\u522b\u4e8b\u7269\u3002\u6781\u7aef\u552f\u540d\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5171\u76f8\u53ea\u662f\u5fc3\u7075\u4e2d\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e0d\u53cd\u6620\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5171\u540c\u672c\u8d28\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u552f\u540d\u8bba\u7684\u9876\u5cf0\u662f\u5965\u5361\u59c6\u7684\u5a01\u5ec9\u3002\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8457\u540d\u7684<strong>\u5965\u5361\u59c6\u5243\u5200<\/strong>\uff1a&quot;\u5982\u65e0\u5fc5\u8981\uff0c\u52ff\u589e\u5b9e\u4f53&quot;\u3002\u65e2\u7136\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u4e2a\u522b\u4e8b\u7269\u89e3\u91ca\u4e00\u5207\uff0c\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u8bbe\u5b9a\u72ec\u7acb\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5171\u76f8\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u552f\u540d\u8bba\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u6df1\u8fdc\u540e\u679c\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u5b83\u52a8\u6447\u4e86\u7ecf\u9662\u54f2\u5b66\u7528\u7406\u6027\u8bba\u8bc1\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>\u5b83\u62ac\u9ad8\u4e86\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4e3a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8bba\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u601d\u60f3\u57fa\u7840\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>\u5b83\u5272\u88c2\u4e86\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0e\u7406\u6027\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\uff0c\u4e3a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u8f6c\u5411\u626b\u6e05\u4e86\u9053\u8def\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0 \u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u89c9\u9192\uff1a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u5927\u5206\u88c2<\/h2>\n<p>\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u9769\u547d\u5171\u540c\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u5927\u8f6c\u5411\uff1a\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898\u4ece&quot;\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48&quot;\u8f6c\u5411\u4e86&quot;\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5b58\u5728&quot;\u3002<strong>\u4e3b\u4f53<\/strong>\u2014\u2014\u8ba4\u8bc6\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u53d1\u51fa\u8005\u2014\u2014\u88ab\u63a8\u5230\u4e86\u54f2\u5b66\u821e\u53f0\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>3.1 \u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u8f6c\u5411\uff1a\u4ece\u5b58\u5728\u5230\u8ba4\u8bc6<\/h3>\n<p>\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0d\u518d\u76f4\u63a5\u65ad\u8a00\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5148\u8ffd\u95ee\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u8d44\u683c\u8fd9\u6837\u65ad\u8a00\uff1f\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u80fd\u529b\u6709\u591a\u5927\u8303\u56f4\uff1f\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u56de\u7b54\uff0c\u50ac\u751f\u4e86\u8fd1\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4e24\u5927\u9635\u8425\uff1a<strong>\u552f\u7406\u8bba<\/strong>\u4e0e<strong>\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8bba<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>3.2 \u552f\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5960\u57fa\uff1a\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u4e0e\u5fc3\u7269\u4e8c\u5143\u8bba<\/h3>\n<p>\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u662f\u8fd1\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u3002\u4ed6\u91c7\u53d6<strong>\u666e\u904d\u6000\u7591<\/strong>\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u4e0d\u53ef\u6000\u7591\u7684\u963f\u57fa\u7c73\u5fb7\u70b9\uff1a<strong>\u6211\u601d\u6545\u6211\u5728<\/strong>\uff08Cogito ergo sum\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&quot;\u6211\u601d&quot;\u662f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u5b9e\u4f53\u3002\u4ece&quot;\u6211\u601d&quot;\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u548c\u5916\u90e8\u7269\u8d28\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86<strong>\u5fc3\u7269\u4e8c\u5143\u8bba<\/strong>\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u5fc3\u7075\u5b9e\u4f53<\/strong>\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u5c5e\u6027\u662f<strong>\u601d\u7ef4<\/strong>\uff0c<strong>\u7269\u8d28\u5b9e\u4f53<\/strong>\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u5c5e\u6027\u662f<strong>\u5e7f\u5ef6<\/strong>\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4e8c\u8005\u4e92\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8d56\u3001\u5404\u81ea\u72ec\u7acb\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u8fd8\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86<strong>\u5929\u8d4b\u89c2\u5ff5<\/strong>\u8bf4\uff1a\u50cf\u4e0a\u5e1d\u89c2\u5ff5\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u516c\u7406\u8fd9\u7c7b\u6e05\u695a\u660e\u767d\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u662f\u5fc3\u7075\u5148\u5929\u56fa\u6709\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u552f\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5219\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u81f4\u547d\u96be\u9898\uff1a<strong>\u8eab\u5fc3\u4ea4\u611f\u95ee\u9898<\/strong>\u2014\u2014\u5982\u679c\u5fc3\u7075\u4e0e\u7269\u8d28\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u5f02\u8d28\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff1f<\/p>\n<h3>3.3 \u552f\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5c55\u5f00\uff1a\u65af\u5bbe\u8bfa\u838e\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u4e00\u5143\u8bba<\/h3>\n<p>\u65af\u5bbe\u8bfa\u838e\u62d2\u7edd\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u7684\u4e8c\u5143\u8bba\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u4e00\u5143\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u5bf9<strong>\u5b9e\u4f53<\/strong>\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u662f\uff1a&quot;\u5728\u81ea\u8eab\u5185\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u8eab\u800c\u88ab\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u4e1c\u897f&quot;\u3002\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u5c31\u662f<strong>\u795e\/\u81ea\u7136<\/strong>\uff08Deus sive Natura\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u5177\u6709\u65e0\u9650\u591a\u7684<strong>\u5c5e\u6027<\/strong>\uff08Attribut\uff09\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u53ea\u80fd\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5176\u4e2d\u4e24\u79cd\uff1a\u601d\u7ef4\u4e0e\u5e7f\u5ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4e2a\u522b\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u662f\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684<strong>\u6837\u5f0f<\/strong>\uff08Modus\uff09\u2014\u2014\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u5728\u5177\u4f53\u65f6\u7a7a\u4e2d\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u8868\u73b0\u3002\u8eab\u5fc3\u4ea4\u611f\u95ee\u9898\u7531\u6b64\u5f97\u5230\u89e3\u51b3\uff1a\u5fc3\u7075\u4e0e\u8eab\u4f53\u4e0d\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u6837\u5f0f\uff0c<strong>\u8eab\u5fc3\u5e73\u884c\u5bf9\u5e94<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>3.4 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\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8bba\u7684\u5f00\u7aef\uff1a\u6d1b\u514b\u4e0e\u767d\u677f\u8bf4<\/h3>\n<p>\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u6d1b\u514b\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86<strong>\u767d\u677f\u8bf4<\/strong>\uff08tabula rasa\uff09\uff1a\u5fc3\u7075\u521d\u59cb\u5982\u767d\u7eb8\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u89c2\u5ff5\u90fd\u6765\u81ea\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002\u89c2\u5ff5\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u6765\u6e90\uff1a<strong>\u611f\u89c9<\/strong>\uff08\u5916\u90e8\u523a\u6fc0\uff09\u548c<strong>\u53cd\u7701<\/strong>\uff08\u5bf9\u5185\u90e8\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u53cd\u601d\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6d1b\u514b\u533a\u5206\u4e86<strong>\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u8d28<\/strong>\uff08\u5e7f\u5ef6\u3001\u5f62\u72b6\u7b49\u5ba2\u89c2\u6027\u8d28\uff09\u4e0e<strong>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6027\u7684\u8d28<\/strong>\uff08\u989c\u8272\u3001\u5473\u9053\u7b49\u4e3b\u89c2\u6027\u8d28\uff09\uff0c\u6697\u793a\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u77e5\u5230\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u7b49\u4e8e\u5ba2\u4f53\u7684\u672c\u6765\u9762\u76ee\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>3.7 \u7ecf\u9a8c\u8bba\u7684\u6df1\u5316\uff1a\u8d1d\u514b\u83b1\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u89c2\u5ff5\u8bba<\/h3>\n<p>\u8d1d\u514b\u83b1\u4ece\u6d1b\u514b\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u8d70\u5411\u4e3b\u89c2\u89c2\u5ff5\u8bba\u3002\u6838\u5fc3\u547d\u9898\uff1a<strong>\u5b58\u5728\u5c31\u662f\u88ab\u611f\u77e5<\/strong>\uff08Esse est percipi\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u5207\u53ef\u611f\u4e8b\u7269\u90fd\u662f\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u89c2\u5ff5\u53ea\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5fc3\u7075\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u8131\u79bb\u611f\u77e5\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u5b9e\u4f53\u3002\u8d1d\u514b\u83b1\u6d88\u89e3\u4e86\u7269\u8d28\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u4f46\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u7cbe\u795e\u5b9e\u4f53\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>3.8 \u7ecf\u9a8c\u8bba\u7684\u7ec8\u70b9\uff1a\u4f11\u8c1f\u7684\u6000\u7591\u8bba<\/h3>\n<p>\u4f11\u8c1f\u628a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8bba\u63a8\u5411\u4e86\u903b\u8f91\u7ec8\u70b9\u3002\u4e00\u5207\u89c2\u5ff5\u6700\u7ec8\u90fd\u6765\u81ea<strong>\u5370\u8c61<\/strong>\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0d\u80fd\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u5370\u8c61\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u90fd\u662f\u865a\u5047\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f11\u8c1f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\u5ba1\u67e5\u4e86\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u5bf9\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u6000\u7591<\/strong>\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u5173\u4e8e\u7269\u8d28\u5b9e\u4f53\u6216\u7cbe\u795e\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u5370\u8c61\u3002\u6240\u8c13&quot;\u81ea\u6211&quot;\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u4e00\u675f\u6d41\u53d8\u7684\u77e5\u89c9\u96c6\u5408\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u5bf9\u56e0\u679c\u5f8b\u7684\u6000\u7591<\/strong>\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684<strong>\u6052\u5e38\u8054\u7ed3<\/strong>\uff0c\u6c38\u8fdc\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e0d\u5230&quot;\u5fc5\u7136\u8054\u7cfb&quot;\u3002\u56e0\u679c\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u662f<strong>\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u8054\u5408<\/strong>\u2014\u2014\u5fc3\u7406\u4e60\u60ef\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u5ba2\u89c2\u5fc5\u7136\u6cd5\u5219\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4f11\u8c1f\u7684\u6000\u7591\u8bba\u540c\u65f6\u51fb\u4e2d\u4e86\u552f\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8bba\u7684\u8981\u5bb3\u3002\u54f2\u5b66\u88ab\u903c\u5230\u4e86\u60ac\u5d16\u8fb9\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56f0\u5883\uff0c\u5524\u9192\u4e86\u5eb7\u5fb7\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0 \u54e5\u767d\u5c3c\u5f0f\u9769\u547d\uff1a\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u54f2\u5b66\u603b\u95ee\u9898<\/h2>\n<p>\u5eb7\u5fb7\u81ea\u8ff0\uff1a&quot;\u6b63\u662f\u4f11\u8c1f\u5c06\u6211\u4ece\u72ec\u65ad\u8bba\u7684\u8ff7\u68a6\u4e2d\u5524\u9192\u3002&quot;\u4ed6\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u6839\u672c\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff1a<strong>\u5148\u5929\u7efc\u5408\u5224\u65ad\u5982\u4f55\u53ef\u80fd\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3>4.1 \u5148\u5929\u7efc\u5408\u5224\u65ad\u5982\u4f55\u53ef\u80fd<\/h3>\n<p>\u5eb7\u5fb7\u5bf9\u5224\u65ad\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684\u5212\u5206\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u6309\u77e5\u8bc6\u6765\u6e90\uff1a<strong>\u5148\u5929<\/strong>\uff08a priori\uff09\u4e0e<strong>\u540e\u5929<\/strong>\uff08a posteriori\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6309\u5224\u65ad\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a<strong>\u5206\u6790<\/strong>\u4e0e<strong>\u7efc\u5408<\/strong>\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4e24\u4e24\u7ec4\u5408\u4ea7\u751f\u56db\u79cd\u5224\u65ad\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d<strong>\u5148\u5929\u7efc\u5408\u5224\u65ad<\/strong>\u2014\u2014\u65e2\u5177\u6709\u666e\u904d\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\uff0c\u53c8\u80fd\u6269\u5c55\u77e5\u8bc6\u2014\u2014\u662f\u5eb7\u5fb7\u771f\u6b63\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u3002\u6570\u5b66\u547d\u9898\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u7406\u90fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6b64\u7c7b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5148\u5929\u7efc\u5408\u5224\u65ad\u5982\u4f55\u53ef\u80fd\uff1f\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u9769\u547d\u6027\u56de\u7b54\uff1a<strong>\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u53bb\u7b26\u5408\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5bf9\u8c61\u6765\u7b26\u5408\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6<\/strong>\u3002\u4e3b\u4f53\u81ea\u8eab\u5e26\u6709\u5148\u5929\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f62\u5f0f\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5230\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f<strong>\u54e5\u767d\u5c3c\u5f0f\u9769\u547d<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>4.2 \u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\u8fa8\u6790<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u5148\u5929 vs \u540e\u5929<\/strong>\uff1a\u5148\u5929=\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8d56\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e14\u6709\u666e\u904d\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\uff1b\u540e\u5929=\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u5148\u9a8c vs \u8d85\u9a8c<\/strong>\uff1a<strong>\u5148\u9a8c<\/strong>\uff08transcendental\uff09=\u4f7f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u5148\u5929\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5185\u5728\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff1b<strong>\u8d85\u9a8c<\/strong>\uff08transcendent\uff09=\u8d85\u51fa\u4e00\u5207\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u754c\u9650\uff0c\u662f\u7406\u6027\u7684\u50ed\u5984\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u5148\u9a8c vs \u5148\u5929<\/strong>\uff1a\u5148\u9a8c\u662f\u5148\u5929\u7684\u5b50\u96c6\uff0c\u7279\u6307&quot;\u4f7f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u6761\u4ef6&quot;\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0 \u611f\u6027\u7684\u5730\u5e73\u7ebf\uff1a\u5148\u9a8c\u611f\u6027\u8bba<\/h2>\n<h3>5.1 \u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u4e0e\u5148\u5929\u76f4\u89c2\u5f62\u5f0f<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u611f\u6027<\/strong>\uff08Sinnlichkeit\uff09\u662f\u5fc3\u7075\u63a5\u53d7\u5bf9\u8c61\u523a\u6fc0\u3001\u83b7\u5f97<strong>\u8868\u8c61<\/strong>\uff08Vorstellung\uff09\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u88ab\u52a8\u7684\u3002\u611f\u6027\u4e0e\u5bf9\u8c61\u76f4\u63a5\u53d1\u751f\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u53eb<strong>\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2<\/strong>\uff08sinnliche Anschauung\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4efb\u4f55\u76f4\u89c2\u90fd\u5305\u542b\u4e24\u4e2a\u8981\u7d20\uff1a<strong>\u8d28\u6599<\/strong>\uff08\u540e\u5929\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u6750\u6599\uff09\u548c<strong>\u5f62\u5f0f<\/strong>\uff08\u5148\u5929\u7684\u6574\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\uff09\u3002\u4eba\u7c7b\u611f\u6027\u7684\u5148\u5929\u76f4\u89c2\u5f62\u5f0f\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\uff1a<strong>\u7a7a\u95f4<\/strong>\u4e0e<strong>\u65f6\u95f4<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>5.2 \u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0e\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u9610\u660e<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u7a7a\u95f4\u662f\u5916\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u5148\u5929\u5f62\u5f0f<\/strong>\uff1a\u4e00\u5207\u5916\u90e8\u73b0\u8c61\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u88ab\u8868\u8c61\u3002\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66\u7684\u5148\u5929\u7efc\u5408\u6709\u6548\u6027\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u8fd9\u4e00\u5148\u5929\u76f4\u89c2\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u65f6\u95f4\u662f\u5185\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u5148\u5929\u5f62\u5f0f<\/strong>\uff1a\u4e00\u5207\u5185\u90e8\u5fc3\u7075\u72b6\u6001\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u88ab\u8868\u8c61\u3002\u65f6\u95f4\u6bd4\u7a7a\u95f4\u66f4\u666e\u904d\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u5207\u5916\u90e8\u73b0\u8c61\u6700\u7ec8\u90fd\u8981\u88ab\u7eb3\u5165\u5185\u90e8\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u88ab\u65f6\u95f4\u7edf\u6444\u3002\u7b97\u672f\u7684\u5148\u5929\u7efc\u5408\u6709\u6548\u6027\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u65f6\u7a7a\u4e0d\u662f\u5ba2\u89c2\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5bb9\u5668\uff08\u725b\u987f\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u4e8b\u7269\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff08\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u611f\u6027\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5148\u5929\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>5.3 \u73b0\u8c61\u4e0e\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\uff1a\u611f\u6027\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u5212\u754c<\/h3>\n<p>\u5148\u9a8c\u611f\u6027\u8bba\u5bfc\u51fa\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3\u5212\u754c\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u73b0\u8c61<\/strong>\uff08Erscheinung\uff09\uff1a\u4e8b\u7269\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5148\u5929\u76f4\u89c2\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0b\u5448\u73b0\u7684\u6837\u5b50\uff0c\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u7269\u81ea\u4f53<\/strong>\uff08Ding an sich\uff09\uff1a\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u611f\u6027\u5f62\u5f0f\u3001\u4e8b\u7269\u672c\u6765\u7684\u6837\u5b50\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u4f46\u4e0d\u53ef\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u73b0\u8c61\u754c<\/strong>\u662f\u4e00\u5207\u53ef\u80fd\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u603b\u548c\u3002\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\u5219\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u80cc\u540e\u6c38\u8fdc\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e6\u53ca\u7684\u57fa\u5e95\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0 \u77e5\u6027\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\uff1a\u5148\u9a8c\u5206\u6790\u8bba<\/h2>\n<p>\u611f\u6027\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u65f6\u7a7a\u4e2d\u7684<strong>\u6742\u591a<\/strong>\uff08Mannigfaltiges\uff09\u2014\u2014\u96f6\u6563\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6750\u6599\u672c\u8eab\u8fd8\u4e0d\u662f\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u8981\u5f62\u6210\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u6709<strong>\u77e5\u6027<\/strong>\uff08Verstand\uff09\u7684\u4e3b\u52a8\u53c2\u4e0e\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>6.1 \u8303\u7574\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u6f14\u7ece<\/h3>\n<p>\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6d3b\u52a8\u662f<strong>\u5224\u65ad<\/strong>\u3002\u5eb7\u5fb7\u4ece\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u529f\u80fd\u4e2d\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa<strong>\u8303\u7574\u8868<\/strong>\uff08Kategorie\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u91cf\u7684\u8303\u7574<\/strong>\uff1a\u5355\u4e00\u6027\u3001\u590d\u591a\u6027\u3001\u5168\u4f53\u6027<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u8d28\u7684\u8303\u7574<\/strong>\uff1a\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u6027\u3001\u9650\u5236\u6027<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u5173\u7cfb\u8303\u7574<\/strong>\uff1a\u5b9e\u4f53-\u5c5e\u6027\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u6027\u3001\u4ea4\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u6a21\u6001\u8303\u7574<\/strong>\uff1a\u53ef\u80fd\u6027-\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3001\u5b58\u5728-\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3001\u5fc5\u7136\u6027-\u5076\u7136\u6027<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>\u601d\u7ef4\u65e0\u5185\u5bb9\u5219\u7a7a\uff0c\u76f4\u89c2\u65e0\u6982\u5ff5\u5219\u76f2\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3>6.2 \u8303\u7574\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u6f14\u7ece<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u5148\u9a8c\u6f14\u7ece<\/strong>\u8981\u8bc1\u660e\u8303\u7574\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u6709\u6548\u6027\u3002\u8bba\u8bc1\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u662f<strong>\u5148\u9a8c\u7edf\u89c9<\/strong>\uff08transzendentale Apperzeption\uff09\u2014\u2014&quot;\u6211\u601d&quot;\u5fc5\u987b\u80fd\u591f\u4f34\u968f\u6211\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u8868\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u5207\u6742\u591a\u8868\u8c61\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a&quot;\u6211\u601d&quot;\u4e2d\u88ab\u7efc\u5408\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd<strong>\u7edf\u89c9\u7684\u672c\u6e90\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00<\/strong>\u662f\u4e00\u5207\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<strong>\u7efc\u5408<\/strong>\uff08Synthesis\uff0c\u5c06\u6742\u591a\u8054\u7ed3\u4e3a\u7edf\u4e00\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\uff09\u5fc5\u7136\u6309\u7167\u8303\u7574\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8303\u7574\u5bf9\u4e00\u5207\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5bf9\u8c61\u5fc5\u7136\u6709\u6548\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>6.3 \u5148\u9a8c\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u4e0e\u56fe\u578b\u8bba<\/h3>\n<p>\u8303\u7574\u662f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\u662f\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u6027\u7684\u3002\u4e8c\u8005\u7684\u6865\u6881\u662f<strong>\u56fe\u578b<\/strong>\uff08Schema\uff09\u2014\u2014\u7531<strong>\u5148\u9a8c\u60f3\u8c61\u529b<\/strong>\uff08transzendentale Einbildungskraft\uff09\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4e2d\u4ecb\u8868\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u56fe\u578b\u8bba<\/strong>\uff08Schematismus\uff09\u9610\u8ff0\u8303\u7574\u5982\u4f55\u901a\u8fc7\u65f6\u95f4\u56fe\u578b\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u76f4\u89c2\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u56e0\u679c\u6027\u8303\u7574\u7684\u56fe\u578b\u662f&quot;\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u6027\u7ee7\u8d77&quot;\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>6.4 \u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u539f\u7406\u4f53\u7cfb<\/h3>\n<p>\u8303\u7574\u901a\u8fc7\u56fe\u578b\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86<strong>\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u539f\u7406<\/strong>\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f<strong>\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u7c7b\u6bd4<\/strong>\uff08Analogien der Erfahrung\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u5b9e\u4f53\u6301\u5b58\u6027<\/strong>\uff1a\u5728\u4e00\u5207\u53d8\u5316\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b9e\u4f53\u6301\u5b58\uff0c\u91cf\u4e0d\u53d8\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u56e0\u679c\u76f8\u7ee7\u6027<\/strong>\uff1a\u4e00\u5207\u53d8\u5316\u90fd\u6309\u7167\u56e0\u679c\u5f8b\u53d1\u751f\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u4ea4\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528<\/strong>\uff1a\u4e00\u5207\u5b9e\u4f53\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u5904\u4e8e\u4ea4\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>\u56e0\u679c\u5f8b<\/strong>\u7531\u6b64\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u5148\u5929\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\uff1a\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u4f11\u8c1f\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u4e60\u60ef\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u77e5\u6027\u4e3a\u81ea\u7136\u7acb\u6cd5\u7684\u5148\u5929\u89c4\u5219\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>6.5 \u672c\u4f53\u4f5c\u4e3a\u754c\u9650\u6982\u5ff5<\/h3>\n<p>\u8303\u7574\u53ea\u80fd\u8fd0\u7528\u4e8e\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<strong>\u672c\u4f53<\/strong>\uff08Noumenon\uff09\u662f\u77e5\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u601d\u7ef4\u3001\u4f46\u4e0d\u80fd\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u8d85\u611f\u6027\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u662f\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u754c\u9650\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u4e25\u683c\u533a\u5206\u7684\u662f\uff0c<strong>\u7269\u81ea\u4f53<\/strong>\u4e0e<strong>\u672c\u4f53<\/strong>\u5e76\u975e\u5b8c\u5168\u7b49\u540c\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\u662f\u611f\u6027\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u8bbe\u5b9a\uff0c\u6307\u523a\u6fc0\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u975e\u611f\u6027\u6765\u6e90\uff1b\u672c\u4f53\u5219\u662f\u77e5\u6027\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5b83\u6709\u53cc\u91cd\u542b\u4e49\uff1a\u6d88\u6781\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u9650\u5236\u77e5\u6027\u50ed\u8d8a\u7684\u754c\u9650\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u80fd\u601d\u7ef4\u5b83\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5b83\uff1b\u79ef\u6781\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b83\u6307\u4e00\u79cd\u975e\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\uff08\u7406\u667a\u76f4\u89c2\uff09\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u77e5\u6027\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u800c\u8a00\u53ea\u662f\u5426\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0 \u7406\u6027\u7684\u5e7b\u76f8\uff1a\u5148\u9a8c\u8fa9\u8bc1\u8bba<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u7406\u6027<\/strong>\uff08Vernunft\uff09\u662f\u8ffd\u6c42\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u65e0\u6761\u4ef6\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u5b83\u603b\u60f3\u628a\u6709\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u63a8\u5411\u65e0\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u6839\u636e\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u8d85\u51fa\u7ecf\u9a8c\u754c\u9650\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f<strong>\u5148\u9a8c\u5e7b\u76f8<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>7.1 \u7406\u6027\u4e0e\u7406\u5ff5<\/h3>\n<p>\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e09\u79cd\u4e09\u6bb5\u8bba\u63a8\u7406\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u63a8\u51fa\u4e86\u4e09\u4e2a<strong>\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7406\u6027\u7684\u7406\u5ff5<\/strong>\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u7075\u9b42\u4e0d\u673d<\/strong>\uff1a\u4ece\u5185\u611f\u5b98\u7edf\u4e00\u63a8\u51fa\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4f53\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u5b87\u5b99\u6574\u4f53<\/strong>\uff1a\u4ece\u5916\u90e8\u73b0\u8c61\u7efc\u5408\u63a8\u51fa\u7684\u65e0\u6761\u4ef6\u603b\u4f53\uff1b<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728<\/strong>\uff1a\u4ece\u6761\u4ef6\u7cfb\u5217\u63a8\u51fa\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>7.2 \u8c2c\u8bef\u63a8\u7406<\/h3>\n<p>\u7406\u6027\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u4ece&quot;\u6211\u601d&quot;\u63a8\u51fa\u7075\u9b42\u662f\u5b9e\u4f53\u3002\u5eb7\u5fb7\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u7edf\u89c9\u7684&quot;\u6211\u601d&quot;\u53ea\u662f\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u3002\u628a&quot;\u6211&quot;\u5b9e\u4f53\u5316\u662f\u903b\u8f91\u8c2c\u8bef\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>7.3 \u4e8c\u5f8b\u80cc\u53cd<\/h3>\n<p>\u5f53\u7406\u6027\u8ffd\u95ee\u5b87\u5b99\u6574\u4f53\u65f6\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86<strong>\u4e8c\u5f8b\u80cc\u53cd<\/strong>\uff08Antinomie\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u7ec4\u522b<\/th>\n<th>\u6b63\u9898<\/th>\n<th>\u53cd\u9898<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ec4\uff08\u91cf\uff09<\/td>\n<td>\u4e16\u754c\u6709\u65f6\u7a7a\u754c\u9650<\/td>\n<td>\u4e16\u754c\u65e0\u9650<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ec4\uff08\u8d28\uff09<\/td>\n<td>\u6709\u5355\u7eaf\u8005\u5b58\u5728<\/td>\n<td>\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u65e0\u9650\u53ef\u5206<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ec4\uff08\u5173\u7cfb\uff09<\/td>\n<td><strong>\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6709\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6027<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>\u4e00\u5207\u670d\u4ece\u81ea\u7136\u56e0\u679c\u5f8b\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u81ea\u7531<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7b2c\u56db\u7ec4\uff08\u6a21\u6001\uff09<\/td>\n<td>\u6709\u7edd\u5bf9\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u8005<\/td>\n<td>\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u662f\u5076\u7136\u7684<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u524d\u4e24\u7ec4\uff08\u6570\u5b66\u6027\uff09\uff1a\u6b63\u53cd\u9898\u7686\u5047\u2014\u2014\u4e16\u754c\u6574\u4f53\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u540e\u4e24\u7ec4\uff08\u529b\u5b66\u6027\uff09\uff1a\u6b63\u53cd\u9898\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u771f\u2014\u2014\u6b63\u9898\u8bf4\u672c\u4f53\u754c\uff0c\u53cd\u9898\u8bf4\u73b0\u8c61\u754c\uff0c\u5206\u5c5e\u4e0d\u540c\u9886\u57df\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ec4\uff08<strong>\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u5fc5\u7136<\/strong>\uff09\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\uff1a\u4e3a\u4ece\u7406\u8bba\u7406\u6027\u8fc7\u6e21\u5230\u5b9e\u8df5\u7406\u6027\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u901a\u9053\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>7.4 \u5bf9\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728\u8bc1\u660e\u7684\u6279\u5224<\/h3>\n<p>\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7cfb\u7edf\u6279\u5224\u4e86\u4e09\u79cd\u8bc1\u660e\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u8bc1\u660e<\/strong>\uff1a\u4ece\u6982\u5ff5\u63a8\u5b58\u5728\u2014\u2014&quot;\u5b58\u5728&quot;\u4e0d\u662f\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u8c13\u8bcd\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ece\u6982\u5ff5\u63a8\u51fa\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u5b87\u5b99\u8bba\u8bc1\u660e<\/strong>\uff1a\u6697\u4e2d\u4f9d\u8d56\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u8bc1\u660e\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u81ea\u7136\u795e\u5b66\u8bc1\u660e<\/strong>\uff1a\u6700\u591a\u63a8\u51fa&quot;\u4e16\u754c\u5efa\u7b51\u5e08&quot;\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u63a8\u51fa\u521b\u4e16\u8005\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>7.5 \u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u8c03\u8282\u6027\u8fd0\u7528<\/h3>\n<p>\u7406\u5ff5\u867d\u4ea7\u751f\u5e7b\u76f8\uff0c\u4f46\u5177\u6709<strong>\u8c03\u8282\u6027<\/strong>\u4f5c\u7528\uff1a\u5f15\u5bfc\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e0d\u65ad\u6269\u5c55\uff0c\u8d70\u5411\u7cfb\u7edf\u7edf\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0 \u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u661f\u7a7a\uff1a\u5b9e\u8df5\u7406\u6027\u6279\u5224<\/h2>\n<p>&quot;\u6211\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u9650\u5236\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4e3a\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7559\u51fa\u5730\u76d8\u3002&quot;<strong>\u5b9e\u8df5\u7406\u6027<\/strong>\u662f\u7406\u6027\u4e3a\u610f\u5fd7\u7acb\u6cd5\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>8.1 \u5584\u826f\u610f\u5fd7\u4e0e\u4e49\u52a1<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u5584\u826f\u610f\u5fd7<\/strong>\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u65e0\u6761\u4ef6\u5584\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u51fa\u4e8e\u4e49\u52a1\uff08\u800c\u975e\u7231\u597d\uff09\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u624d\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>8.2 \u5b9a\u8a00\u547d\u4ee4<\/h3>\n<p>\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u539f\u5219\u53eb<strong>\u51c6\u5219<\/strong>\uff08Maxime\uff09\u3002\u9053\u5fb7\u6cd5\u5219\u8868\u8ff0\u4e3a<strong>\u5b9a\u8a00\u547d\u4ee4<\/strong>\uff08kategorischer Imperativ\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>&quot;\u53ea\u6309\u7167\u4f60\u540c\u65f6\u80fd\u591f\u613f\u610f\u5b83\u6210\u4e3a\u666e\u904d\u6cd5\u5219\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u51c6\u5219\u53bb\u884c\u52a8\u3002&quot;<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u4e0e<strong>\u5047\u8a00\u547d\u4ee4<\/strong>\uff08\u6709\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff09\u76f8\u5bf9\u3002\u4e09\u79cd\u516c\u5f0f\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u666e\u904d\u6cd5\u5219\u516c\u5f0f<\/strong>\uff1a\u51c6\u5219\u80fd\u5426\u666e\u904d\u5316\u800c\u4e0d\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u4eba\u662f\u76ee\u7684\u516c\u5f0f<\/strong>\uff1a\u6c38\u8fdc\u628a\u4eba\u5f53\u4f5c\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5f53\u4f5c\u624b\u6bb5\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u76ee\u7684\u738b\u56fd\u516c\u5f0f<\/strong>\uff1a\u4e00\u5207\u7406\u6027\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u901a\u8fc7\u5171\u540c\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6cd5\u5219\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u2014\u2014<strong>\u76ee\u7684\u738b\u56fd<\/strong>\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>8.3 \u81ea\u5f8b\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531<\/h3>\n<p>\u9053\u5fb7\u6cd5\u5219\u662f\u7406\u6027<strong>\u81ea\u5f8b<\/strong>\uff08Autonomie\uff09\u2014\u2014\u81ea\u5df1\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7acb\u6cd5\u3002\u4e0e<strong>\u4ed6\u5f8b<\/strong>\uff08Heteronomie\uff09\u76f8\u5bf9\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u6cd5\u5219\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u6839\u636e\uff1b\u9053\u5fb7\u6cd5\u5219\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u6839\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>8.4 \u81f3\u5584\u4e0e\u516c\u8bbe<\/h3>\n<p>\u5b9e\u8df5\u7406\u6027\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f<strong>\u81f3\u5584<\/strong>\u2014\u2014\u5fb7\u884c\u4e0e\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u7cbe\u786e\u5339\u914d\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\u9700\u8981\u4e09\u4e2a<strong>\u516c\u8bbe<\/strong>\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7<\/strong>\uff1a\u9053\u5fb7\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u7075\u9b42\u4e0d\u673d<\/strong>\uff1a\u5fb7\u884c\u65e0\u9650\u5b8c\u6ee1\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728<\/strong>\uff1a\u5fb7\u798f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>8.5 \u5b9e\u8df5\u7406\u6027\u4f18\u5148<\/h3>\n<p>\u7406\u6027\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u5173\u5207\u662f\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u3002<strong>\u656c\u91cd<\/strong>\uff08Achtung\uff09\u662f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5b9e\u8df5\u7406\u6027\u5bf9\u9053\u5fb7\u6cd5\u5219\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u60c5\u611f\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u7b2c\u4e5d\u7ae0 \u6865\u6881\u7684\u67b6\u8bbe\uff1a\u5224\u65ad\u529b\u6279\u5224<\/h2>\n<p>\u7406\u8bba\u7406\u6027\u4e3a\u81ea\u7136\u7acb\u6cd5\uff0c\u5b9e\u8df5\u7406\u6027\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u7acb\u6cd5\u3002\u4e8c\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6865\u6881\u662f<strong>\u5224\u65ad\u529b<\/strong>\uff08Urteilskraft\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>9.1 \u5224\u65ad\u529b\u7684\u53cc\u91cd\u5f62\u6001<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u89c4\u5b9a\u6027\u5224\u65ad\u529b<\/strong>\uff1a\u4ece\u666e\u904d\u5230\u7279\u6b8a\uff0c\u77e5\u6027\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u53cd\u601d\u6027\u5224\u65ad\u529b<\/strong>\uff1a\u4ece\u7279\u6b8a\u51fa\u53d1\u5bfb\u627e\u666e\u904d\uff0c\u5ba1\u7f8e\u5224\u65ad\u548c\u76ee\u7684\u8bba\u5224\u65ad\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6b64\u7c7b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u53cd\u601d\u6027\u5224\u65ad\u529b\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u539f\u7406\uff1a<strong>\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u5408\u76ee\u7684\u6027<\/strong>\uff08Zweckm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>9.2 \u5ba1\u7f8e\u5224\u65ad\u529b<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u7f8e<\/strong>\uff08das Sch\u00f6ne\uff09\u7684\u56db\u4e2a\u5951\u673a\uff1a\u65e0\u5229\u5bb3\u7684\u6109\u60a6\u3001\u65e0\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6027\u3001\u65e0\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u5408\u76ee\u7684\u6027\u5f62\u5f0f\u3001\u65e0\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u3002<strong>\u9274\u8d4f<\/strong>\uff08Geschmack\uff09\u662f\u4e0d\u501f\u52a9\u6982\u5ff5\u800c\u4f5c\u666e\u904d\u6109\u60a6\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5d07\u9ad8<\/strong>\uff08das Erhabene\uff09\uff1a\u5bf9\u8c61\u538b\u5012\u611f\u6027\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u6fc0\u53d1\u7406\u6027\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u4f18\u8d8a\u611f\u3002\u6839\u6e90\u4e0d\u5728\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u7406\u6027\u80fd\u529b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>9.3 \u76ee\u7684\u8bba\u5224\u65ad\u529b<\/h3>\n<p>\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u4eff\u4f5b\u90fd\u4e3a\u6574\u4f53\u800c\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u53cd\u601d\u6027\u5224\u65ad\u529b\u5f15\u5165<strong>\u81ea\u7136\u76ee\u7684<\/strong>\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u662f\u8c03\u8282\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u6784\u9020\u6027\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>9.4 \u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ec8\u6781\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u4eba<\/h3>\n<p>\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u76ee\u7684\u662f<strong>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9053\u5fb7\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u7684\u4eba<\/strong>\u3002\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u5408\u76ee\u7684\u6027\u6700\u7ec8\u6307\u5411\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u81ea\u7136\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u9e3f\u6c9f\u5728\u6b64\u88ab\u8d2f\u901a\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0 \u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u751f\u6210\uff1a\u5fb7\u56fd\u89c2\u5ff5\u8bba\u7684\u5b8c\u6210<\/h2>\n<h3>10.1 \u5eb7\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u5185\u5728\u56f0\u5883<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u7269\u81ea\u4f53<\/strong>\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\uff1a\u8bf4\u5b83\u5b58\u5728\u5c31\u662f\u5bf9\u5b83\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff1b\u628a\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u7528\u4e8e\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\u8fdd\u53cd\u4e86\u4f53\u7cfb\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002\u73b0\u8c61\u4e0e\u672c\u4f53\u7684\u4e8c\u5206\u4f7f\u4eba\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u5206\u88c2\u4e3a\u4e24\u534a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u540e\u7ee7\u8005\u7684\u5171\u8bc6\uff1a\u5fc5\u987b\u53d6\u6d88\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\uff0c\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u672c\u539f\u51fa\u53d1\u63a8\u6f14\u6574\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>10.2 \u8d39\u5e0c\u7279\uff1a\u81ea\u6211\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5<\/h3>\n<p>\u8d39\u5e0c\u7279\u53d6\u6d88\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\uff0c\u628a<strong>\u7edd\u5bf9\u81ea\u6211<\/strong>\u786e\u7acb\u4e3a\u552f\u4e00\u672c\u539f\u3002\u77e5\u8bc6\u5b66\u4e09\u6761\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u7406\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u6b63\u9898<\/strong>\uff1a\u81ea\u6211\u8bbe\u5b9a\u81ea\u8eab\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u53cd\u9898<\/strong>\uff1a\u81ea\u6211\u8bbe\u5b9a\u975e\u6211\u4e0e\u81ea\u6211\u5bf9\u7acb\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u5408\u9898<\/strong>\uff1a\u81ea\u6211\u5728\u81ea\u8eab\u4e2d\u8bbe\u5b9a\u53ef\u5206\u7684\u975e\u6211\u4e0e\u53ef\u5206\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u76f8\u4e92\u9650\u5236\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u5b9e\u8df5\u81ea\u6211\u9ad8\u4e8e\u7406\u8bba\u81ea\u6211\uff0c\u884c\u52a8\u9ad8\u4e8e\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>10.3 \u8c22\u6797\uff1a\u7edd\u5bf9\u540c\u4e00\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136-\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u5e73\u884c<\/h3>\n<p>\u8c22\u6797\u7684\u672c\u539f\u662f<strong>\u7edd\u5bf9\u540c\u4e00<\/strong>\uff1a\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e0e\u5ba2\u4f53\u3001\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u65e0\u5dee\u522b\u7edf\u4e00\u3002\u81ea\u7136\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0e\u5148\u9a8c\u54f2\u5b66\u5e73\u884c\u5c55\u5f00\uff0c<strong>\u827a\u672f\u76f4\u89c2<\/strong>\u662f\u628a\u63e1\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>10.4 \u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\uff1a\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5\u4e0e\u7edd\u5bf9\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb<\/h3>\n<h4>\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5<\/h4>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u6f84\u6e05\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u540e\u4e16\u5e38\u8bf4\u7684&quot;\u6b63\u9898\u2014\u53cd\u9898\u2014\u5408\u9898&quot;\u4e09\u6bb5\u5f0f\uff0c\u662f\u8d39\u5e0c\u7279\u77e5\u8bc6\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u672c\u4eba\u51e0\u4e4e\u4ece\u672a\u4f7f\u7528\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e00\u8868\u8ff0\u3002\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u7684\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5\u4e0d\u662f\u5916\u5728\u7684\u4e09\u6bb5\u5f0f\u516c\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u662f<strong>\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5185\u5728\u5426\u5b9a\u6027\u8fd0\u52a8<\/strong>\uff1a\u4efb\u4f55\u89c4\u5b9a\u6027\u81ea\u8eab\u5c31\u5305\u542b\u7740\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u9762\uff0c\u77db\u76fe\u5185\u5728\u4e8e\u4e8b\u7269\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u63a8\u52a8\u4e8b\u7269\u81ea\u6211\u5426\u5b9a\u3001\u81ea\u6211\u8d85\u8d8a\u3002\u5176\u57fa\u672c\u8282\u594f\u662f&quot;<strong>\u80af\u5b9a\u2014\u5426\u5b9a\u2014\u5426\u5b9a\u4e4b\u5426\u5b9a<\/strong>&quot;\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6838\u5fc3\u73af\u8282\u662f<strong>\u626c\u5f03<\/strong>\uff08Aufhebung\uff09\u2014\u2014\u5426\u5b9a\u3001\u4fdd\u5b58\u3001\u63d0\u5347\u4e09\u91cd\u542b\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>\u81ea\u5728\u3001\u81ea\u4e3a\u3001\u81ea\u5728\u81ea\u4e3a<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u81ea\u5728<\/strong>\uff08an sich\uff09\uff1a\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u3001\u672a\u5c55\u5f00\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u81ea\u4e3a<\/strong>\uff08f\u00fcr sich\uff09\uff1a\u5c55\u5f00\u7684\u3001\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u81ea\u5728\u81ea\u4e3a<\/strong>\uff08an und f\u00fcr sich\uff09\uff1a\u4e8c\u8005\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\uff0c\u5b8c\u6ee1\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>\u5916\u5316\u4e0e\u5f02\u5316<\/h4>\n<p><strong>\u5916\u5316<\/strong>\uff08Ent\u00e4u\u00dferung\uff09\u662f\u7cbe\u795e\u5b9e\u73b0\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u73af\u8282\u3002<strong>\u5f02\u5316<\/strong>\uff08Entfremdung\uff09\u662f\u5916\u5316\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u5f62\u6001\uff1a\u5916\u5316\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u4e0e\u4e3b\u4f53\u5bf9\u7acb\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e09\u90e8\u5206<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u903b\u8f91\u5b66<\/strong>\uff1a\u7814\u7a76\u7406\u5ff5\u81ea\u5728\u81ea\u4e3a\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c<strong>\u7edd\u5bf9\u7406\u5ff5<\/strong>\uff08absolute Idee\uff09\u662f\u5176\u6700\u9ad8\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u81ea\u7136\u54f2\u5b66<\/strong>\uff1a\u7406\u5ff5<strong>\u5916\u5316<\/strong>\u4e3a\u81ea\u7136\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u7cbe\u795e\u54f2\u5b66<\/strong>\uff1a\u7cbe\u795e\u4ece\u81ea\u7136\u4e2d\u8fd4\u56de\u81ea\u8eab\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u8fbe\u5230<strong>\u7edd\u5bf9\u7cbe\u795e<\/strong>\uff08absoluter Geist\uff09\u2014\u2014\u901a\u8fc7\u827a\u672f\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u7cbe\u795e\u5b8c\u5168\u8ba4\u8bc6\u81ea\u8eab\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u4ece\u5df4\u95e8\u5c3c\u5fb7\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4e4b\u601d\uff0c\u4ece\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e4b\u601d\uff0c\u5728\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u8fd9\u91cc\u6c47\u5408\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\u3002\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u5b8f\u5927\u7efc\u5408\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u5ba3\u544a\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u7ec8\u7ed3\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u7ae0 \u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u98a0\u8986\uff1a\u5c3c\u91c7\u4e0e\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u7ec8\u7ed3<\/h2>\n<p>\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u5d29\u584c\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e00\u79cd\u54f2\u5b66\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\u66f4\u610f\u5473\u7740\u897f\u65b9\u4e24\u5343\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4ef7\u503c\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u52a8\u6447\u3002\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u91cc\u5e0c\u00b7\u5c3c\u91c7\u662f\u8fd9\u573a\u52a8\u6447\u6700\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\u63a8\u52a8\u8005\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u5185\u90e8\u4fee\u6b63\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u5ba3\u5224\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u6b7b\u5211\uff0c\u5e76\u8981\u6c42\u5bf9\u4e00\u5207\u4ef7\u503c\u8fdb\u884c\u91cd\u4f30\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>11.1 \u4e0a\u5e1d\u6b7b\u4e86\uff1a\u6700\u9ad8\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u81ea\u884c\u8d2c\u9edc<\/h3>\n<p>\u5c3c\u91c7\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u547d\u9898\u662f\uff1a<strong>\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6b7b\u4e86<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u53e5\u65e0\u795e\u8bba\u7684\u5ba3\u544a\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u662f\u5c3c\u91c7&quot;\u6740\u6b7b\u4e86\u4e0a\u5e1d&quot;\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4ed6\u9053\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff1a\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u518d\u771f\u6b63\u4fe1\u4ef0\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3002\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0e\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u4ef7\u503c\uff08\u771f\u7406\u3001\u5584\u3001\u6c38\u6052\u3001\u5f7c\u5cb8\uff09\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e27\u5931\u4e86\u5bf9\u4eba\u5fc3\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u529b\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u4ef7\u503c\u81ea\u884c\u8d2c\u9edc\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&quot;\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6b7b\u4e86&quot;\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u662f\u53cc\u91cd\u540e\u679c\uff1a\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u865a\u65e0\u2014\u2014\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u771f\u7406\u4e0e\u9053\u5fb7\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u4ef7\u503c\u5c82\u4e0d\u662f\u90fd\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u6839\u57fa\uff1f\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u524d\u6240\u672a\u6709\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u2014\u2014\u4eba\u7ec8\u4e8e\u53ef\u4ee5\u6323\u8131\u5f7c\u5cb8\u7684\u67b7\u9501\uff0c\u81ea\u5df1\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u547d\u8d4b\u4e88\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u5c3c\u91c7\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u56de\u5e94\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6311\u6218\uff1a\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u80fd\u80af\u5b9a\u751f\u547d\u3001\u521b\u9020\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>11.2 \u6743\u529b\u610f\u5fd7\uff1a\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u4e0d\u662f\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u751f\u6210<\/h3>\n<p>\u5c3c\u91c7\u5f7b\u5e95\u62d2\u7edd\u4e86\u4ece\u5df4\u95e8\u5c3c\u5fb7\u5230\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u4f20\u7edf\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f20\u7edf\u603b\u662f\u8d2c\u4f4e\u6d41\u53d8\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c38\u6052\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684&quot;\u771f\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c&quot;\uff08\u7406\u5ff5\u3001\u5b9e\u4f53\u3001\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\u3001\u7edd\u5bf9\u7cbe\u795e\uff09\u3002\u5c3c\u91c7\u8bf4\uff0c\u6839\u672c\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48&quot;\u771f\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c&quot;\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u65ad\u751f\u6210\u3001\u53d8\u5316\u3001\u6d41\u52a8\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u3002<strong>\u751f\u6210<\/strong>\uff08Werden\uff09\u9ad8\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u9ad8\u4e8e\u771f\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u4e0d\u662f\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u800c\u662f<strong>\u6743\u529b\u610f\u5fd7<\/strong>\uff08Wille zur Macht\uff09\u3002\u6743\u529b\u610f\u5fd7\u4e0d\u662f\u8ffd\u6c42\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u5207\u751f\u547d\u6700\u6839\u672c\u7684\u9a71\u52a8\u529b\uff1a\u81ea\u6211\u6269\u5f20\u3001\u81ea\u6211\u8d85\u8d8a\u3001\u514b\u670d\u963b\u788d\u3001\u91ca\u653e\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u4e00\u5207\u4e8b\u7269\u90fd\u662f\u6743\u529b\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u663e\u73b0\uff1a\u751f\u7269\u8ffd\u6c42\u751f\u957f\uff0c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8ffd\u6c42\u652f\u914d\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u4e5f\u662f\u6743\u529b\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f20\u7edf\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u628a\u4e16\u754c\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u9759\u6b62\u7684\u3001\u6709\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u3001\u5408\u4e4e\u7406\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u5f31\u8005\u7684\u53d1\u660e\u2014\u2014\u5f31\u8005\u5bb3\u6015\u6d41\u53d8\uff0c\u5bb3\u6015\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u7f16\u9020\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c38\u6052\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684&quot;\u771f\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c&quot;\u6765\u5426\u5b9a\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u751f\u6210\u4e0e\u6597\u4e89\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>11.3 \u6c38\u6052\u8f6e\u56de\uff1a\u751f\u547d\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u80af\u5b9a<\/h3>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u4e16\u754c\u6ca1\u6709\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u7ec8\u70b9\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5f7c\u5cb8\u7684\u6551\u8d4e\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u751f\u547d\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u5728\u54ea\u91cc\uff1f\u5c3c\u91c7\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u662f<strong>\u6c38\u6052\u8f6e\u56de<\/strong>\uff08ewige Wiederkunft\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5047\u8bbe\u4f60\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u4eba\u751f\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5feb\u4e50\u4e0e\u75db\u82e6\u3001\u5e73\u51e1\u4e0e\u4f1f\u5927\uff0c\u90fd\u4f1a\u4ee5\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u65e0\u6570\u6b21\u5730\u91cd\u590d\uff0c\u6c38\u8fdc\u5faa\u73af\u3002\u4f60\u4f1a\u5bf9\u6b64\u611f\u5230\u7edd\u671b\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u4f1a\u70ed\u70c8\u5730\u80af\u5b9a\u5b83\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u6c38\u6052\u8f6e\u56de\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5b87\u5b99\u8bba\u5b66\u8bf4\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff1a\u5b83\u8981\u6c42\u4f60\u4ee5&quot;\u613f\u610f\u5b83\u6c38\u8fdc\u91cd\u590d&quot;\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u53bb\u9009\u62e9\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f53\u4e0b\u3002\u80fd\u591f\u6b23\u7136\u63a5\u53d7\u6c38\u6052\u8f6e\u56de\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u80af\u5b9a\u751f\u547d\u7684\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5f7c\u5cb8\u7684\u8865\u507f\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u672a\u6765\u7684\u6551\u8d4e\uff0c\u5c31\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u751f\u6210\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u672c\u8eab\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u5b8c\u6ee1\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u80af\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5bf9\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u6700\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u514b\u670d\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>11.4 \u9053\u5fb7\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66\uff1a\u5974\u96b6\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0e\u4e3b\u4eba\u9053\u5fb7<\/h3>\n<p>\u5c3c\u91c7\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u6709\u5148\u5929\u7684\u3001\u666e\u904d\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u771f\u7406\u3002\u4ed6\u7528<strong>\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66<\/strong>\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8003\u5bdf\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\uff1a\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0d\u662f\u4ece\u6765\u5c31\u6709\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\u88ab\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u521b\u9020\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4eba\u7c7b\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u7c7b\u578b\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u4e3b\u4eba\u9053\u5fb7<\/strong>\uff1a\u9ad8\u8d35\u8005\u81ea\u5df1\u521b\u9020\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u628a\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u3001\u5feb\u4e50\u3001\u9ad8\u8d35\u79f0\u4e3a&quot;\u5584&quot;\uff0c\u628a\u8f6f\u5f31\u3001\u5351\u8d31\u3001\u75db\u82e6\u79f0\u4e3a&quot;\u574f&quot;\u3002\u4e3b\u4eba\u9053\u5fb7\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u3001\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u3001\u4ee5\u529b\u91cf\u4e3a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u5974\u96b6\u9053\u5fb7<\/strong>\uff1a\u5974\u96b6\u6ca1\u6709\u529b\u91cf\u521b\u9020\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5426\u5b9a\u4e3b\u4eba\u6765\u83b7\u5f97\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u628a\u4e3b\u4eba\u7684\u5f3a\u5927\u79f0\u4e3a&quot;\u6076&quot;\uff0c\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8f6f\u5f31\u3001\u987a\u4ece\u3001\u540c\u60c5\u79f0\u4e3a&quot;\u5584&quot;\u3002\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u9053\u5fb7\u5c31\u662f\u5178\u578b\u7684\u5974\u96b6\u9053\u5fb7\uff1a\u5b83\u5ba3\u626c\u8c26\u5351\u3001\u7981\u6b32\u3001\u540c\u60c5\uff0c\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u5f31\u8005\u5bf9\u5f3a\u8005\u7684\u6028\u6068\uff08Ressentiment\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u7528\u9053\u5fb7\u6765\u675f\u7f1a\u5f3a\u8005\u7684\u6b66\u5668\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u5c3c\u91c7\u4e0d\u662f\u8981\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u629b\u5f03\u9053\u5fb7\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8981\u63ed\u793a\u9053\u5fb7\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8ba9\u4eba\u4eec\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff1a\u6240\u8c13&quot;\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u771f\u7406&quot;\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u7279\u5b9a\u5386\u53f2\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u7279\u5b9a\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u521b\u9020\u3002\u91cd\u4f30\u4e00\u5207\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8981\u628a\u9053\u5fb7\u4ece\u5974\u96b6\u7684\u6028\u6068\u4e2d\u89e3\u653e\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u6062\u590d\u751f\u547d\u7684\u9ad8\u8d35\u4e0e\u529b\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>11.5 \u8d85\u4eba\uff1a\u5927\u5730\u7684\u610f\u4e49<\/h3>\n<p>\u4eba\u662f\u6865\u6881\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u5c3c\u91c7\u8bf4\uff1a&quot;\u4eba\u662f\u7cfb\u5728\u52a8\u7269\u4e0e\u8d85\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e00\u6839\u7ef3\u7d22\u3002&quot;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u8d85\u4eba<\/strong>\uff08\u00dcbermensch\uff09\u4e0d\u662f\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u8d85\u7ea7\u4eba\u7c7b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u80fd\u591f\u514b\u670d\u4f20\u7edf\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u81ea\u5df1\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7acb\u6cd5\u3001\u80fd\u591f\u80af\u5b9a\u6c38\u6052\u8f6e\u56de\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u8d85\u4eba\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u8d85\u8d8a\u7684\u4eba\uff1a\u4ed6\u4e0d\u670d\u4ece\u5916\u5728\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0e\u9053\u5fb7\uff0c\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u5c31\u662f\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u521b\u9020\u8005\uff1b\u4ed6\u4e0d\u9003\u907f\u75db\u82e6\u4e0e\u6bc1\u706d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u6bc1\u706d\u4e2d\u4ecd\u7136\u80af\u5b9a\u751f\u547d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8d85\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u5728\u5927\u5730\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e0d\u5728\u5f7c\u5cb8\u5929\u56fd\u3002\u5c3c\u91c7\u558a\u51fa&quot;\u5fe0\u5b9e\u4e8e\u5927\u5730&quot;\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8981\u4eba\u4e0d\u518d\u628a\u5e0c\u671b\u5bc4\u6258\u4e8e\u865a\u6784\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5168\u8eab\u5fc3\u5730\u6295\u5165\u8fd9\u4e2a\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u3001\u751f\u6210\u7684\u3001\u6709\u6b7b\u7684\u751f\u547d\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>11.6 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\u5bf9\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u7684\u98a0\u5012<\/h3>\n<p>\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u5bf9\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u7684\u6839\u672c\u6279\u5224\u662f\uff1a\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u628a\u73b0\u5b9e\u5173\u7cfb\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u662f&quot;\u5934\u8db3\u5012\u7f6e&quot;\u3002\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5\u4e0d\u662f\u7cbe\u795e\u5728\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5386\u53f2\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u8bf4\uff1a<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>&quot;\u5728\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5\u662f\u7528\u5934\u7ad9\u7acb\u7684\u3002\u5fc5\u987b\u628a\u5b83\u98a0\u5012\u8fc7\u6765\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u53d1\u73b0\u5305\u88f9\u5728\u795e\u79d8\u5916\u58f3\u4e2d\u7684\u5408\u7406\u5185\u6838\u3002&quot;<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u98a0\u5012\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u662f\uff1a\u4e0d\u662f\u610f\u8bc6\u51b3\u5b9a\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u800c\u662f<strong>\u793e\u4f1a\u5b58\u5728\u51b3\u5b9a\u610f\u8bc6<\/strong>\u3002\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e0d\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4ece\u4e8b\u7269\u8d28\u751f\u4ea7\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u3001\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>12.2 \u5386\u53f2\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6846\u67b6<\/h3>\n<p>\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86<strong>\u5386\u53f2\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49<\/strong>\uff08historischer Materialismus\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\u7ed3\u6784\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u751f\u4ea7\u65b9\u5f0f<\/strong>\uff08Produktionsweise\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u5207\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u751f\u4ea7\u65b9\u5f0f\u5305\u62ec\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u751f\u4ea7\u529b<\/strong>\uff08Produktivkraft\uff09\uff1a\u4eba\u7c7b\u6539\u9020\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u52b3\u52a8\u5de5\u5177\u3001\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u7684\u6280\u80fd\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u7b49\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u751f\u4ea7\u5173\u7cfb<\/strong>\uff08Produktionsverh\u00e4ltnis\uff09\uff1a\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u751f\u4ea7\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u6838\u5fc3\u662f\u751f\u4ea7\u8d44\u6599\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5236\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u7ecf\u6d4e\u57fa\u7840<\/strong>\uff08Basis\uff09\u662f\u7531\u751f\u4ea7\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u603b\u548c\u6784\u6210\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<strong>\u4e0a\u5c42\u5efa\u7b51<\/strong>\uff08\u00dcberbau\uff09\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u57fa\u7840\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7ecf\u6d4e\u57fa\u7840\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e0a\u5c42\u5efa\u7b51\uff0c\u4e0a\u5c42\u5efa\u7b51\u53cd\u4f5c\u7528\u4e8e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u4f46\u5f52\u6839\u5230\u5e95\uff0c\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u5b58\u5728\u51b3\u5b9a\u793e\u4f1a\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u610f\u8bc6\u51b3\u5b9a\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\u4e0e\u751f\u4ea7\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u63a8\u52a8\u7740\u793e\u4f1a\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6f14\u8fdb\u3002\u5927\u4f53\u8bf4\u6765\uff0c\u4e9a\u7ec6\u4e9a\u7684\u3001\u53e4\u4ee3\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u7684\u3001\u5c01\u5efa\u5236\u7684\u548c\u73b0\u4ee3\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u4f5c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5f62\u6001\u6f14\u8fdb\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\uff1b\u800c\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5185\u5728\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5c06\u901a\u8fc7\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u9769\u547d\u88ab\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u6240\u626c\u5f03\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u9636\u7ea7\u6597\u4e89<\/strong>\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u52a8\u529b\u3002\u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u751f\u4ea7\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e2d\uff0c\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u5360\u6709\u751f\u4ea7\u8d44\u6599\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\u548c\u4e0d\u5360\u6709\u751f\u4ea7\u8d44\u6599\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u7acb\u63a8\u52a8\u793e\u4f1a\u5f62\u6001\u4ece\u4f4e\u7ea7\u5411\u9ad8\u7ea7\u6f14\u8fdb\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>12.3 \u5f02\u5316\u52b3\u52a8\uff1a\u4ece\u7cbe\u795e\u5f02\u5316\u5230\u52b3\u52a8\u5f02\u5316<\/h3>\n<p>\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u7684\u5f02\u5316\u662f\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u5f02\u5316\u2014\u2014\u7edd\u5bf9\u7cbe\u795e\u5916\u5316\u4e3a\u81ea\u7136\uff0c\u4e0e\u81ea\u8eab\u76f8\u758f\u79bb\u3002\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u4ece\u7cbe\u795e\u9886\u57df\u642c\u5230\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86<strong>\u5f02\u5316\u52b3\u52a8<\/strong>\uff08entfremdete Arbeit\uff09\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u56db\u91cd\u5f02\u5316\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u52b3\u52a8\u4ea7\u54c1\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u76f8\u5f02\u5316<\/strong>\uff1a\u5de5\u4eba\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u6210\u4e3a\u538b\u8feb\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u52b3\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u76f8\u5f02\u5316<\/strong>\uff1a\u52b3\u52a8\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u613f\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u88ab\u8feb\u7684\uff1b\u5de5\u4eba\u5728\u52b3\u52a8\u4e2d\u4e0d\u662f\u80af\u5b9a\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5426\u5b9a\u81ea\u5df1\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u7684\u7c7b\u672c\u8d28\u76f8\u5f02\u5316<\/strong>\uff1a\u4eba\u7684&quot;\u7c7b\u672c\u8d28&quot;\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u81ea\u89c9\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u4f46\u5f02\u5316\u52b3\u52a8\u4f7f\u4eba\u964d\u683c\u4e3a\u52a8\u7269\u822c\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u624b\u6bb5\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u76f8\u5f02\u5316<\/strong>\uff1a\u5f02\u5316\u52b3\u52a8\u5bfc\u81f4\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u4e0e\u758f\u79bb\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\uff1a\u8981\u6d88\u9664\u5f02\u5316\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u9760\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff08\u5982\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u6240\u60f3\uff09\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u901a\u8fc7\u5b9e\u9645\u7684<strong>\u793e\u4f1a\u9769\u547d<\/strong>\u6539\u53d8\u751f\u4ea7\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>12.4 \u5546\u54c1\u62dc\u7269\u6559\u4e0e\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001<\/h3>\n<p>\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86<strong>\u5546\u54c1\u62dc\u7269\u6559<\/strong>\uff08Warenfetischismus\uff09\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a\u5728\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u5546\u54c1\u5173\u7cfb\u906e\u853d\u4e86\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u4ee5\u4e3a\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u662f\u5546\u54c1\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5b83\u662f\u7279\u5b9a\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5f15\u51fa\u4e86<strong>\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001<\/strong>\uff08Ideologie\uff09\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u662f\u7edf\u6cbb\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u5b83\u628a\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\u5229\u76ca\u4f2a\u88c5\u4e3a\u666e\u904d\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c\u4f7f\u88ab\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u8bef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u73b0\u5b58\u79e9\u5e8f\u662f\u5929\u7ecf\u5730\u4e49\u7684\u3002&quot;\u7edf\u6cbb\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u65f6\u4ee3\u90fd\u662f\u5360\u7edf\u6cbb\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3002&quot;<\/p>\n<h3>12.5 \u5b9e\u8df5\uff1a\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u7edf\u4e00<\/h3>\n<p>\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u7684<strong>\u5b9e\u8df5<\/strong>\uff08Praxis\uff09\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u67a2\u7ebd\u3002\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u8d39\u5e0c\u7279\u5f0f\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u6027\u7684&quot;\u884c\u52a8&quot;\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u5f0f\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u800c\u662f<strong>\u611f\u6027\u7684\u3001\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b9e\u8df5\u6d3b\u52a8<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u5728\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u8d39\u5c14\u5df4\u54c8\u7684\u63d0\u7eb2\u300b\u4e2d\u5199\u4e0b\u4e86\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u547d\u9898\u4e4b\u4e00\uff1a<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>&quot;\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u53ea\u662f\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u89e3\u91ca\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e8e\u6539\u53d8\u4e16\u754c\u3002&quot;<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u5b9e\u8df5\u662f\u68c0\u9a8c\u771f\u7406\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u662f\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4eba\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u89c2\u6253\u7834\u4e86\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u4e8c\u5206\uff1a\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5fc5\u7136\u6307\u5411\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u5fc5\u7136\u5305\u542b\u7406\u8bba\u81ea\u89c9\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>12.6 \u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u5b9a\u4f4d<\/h3>\n<p>\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u7684\u98a0\u5012\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5\u7684\u5408\u7406\u5185\u6838\u2014\u2014\u5426\u5b9a\u6027\u3001\u77db\u76fe\u3001\u53d1\u5c55\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u628a\u5b83\u4ece\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u642c\u5230\u4e86\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u3002\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u73b0\u5b9e\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u89c4\u5f8b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u540c\u65f6\u7ec8\u7ed3\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u9884\u8bbe\uff1a\u54f2\u5b66\u53ef\u4ee5\u8131\u79bb\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6761\u4ef6\u72ec\u7acb\u5730\u8ffd\u6c42\u7eaf\u7cb9\u771f\u7406\u3002\u4ece\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u5fc5\u987b\u8ffd\u95ee\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6761\u4ef6\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u529f\u80fd\u2014\u2014&quot;\u8c01\u5728\u95ee\uff1f\u4e3a\u8c01\u95ee\uff1f\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u95ee\uff1f&quot;\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u5916\u5728\u7684\u9644\u52a0\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5185\u5728\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u7b2c\u5341\u4e09\u7ae0 \u56de\u5230\u4e8b\u60c5\u672c\u8eab\uff1a\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u4e0e\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49<\/h2>\n<p>\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u7ef4\u5ea6\u98a0\u8986\u4e86\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\uff1b\u51e0\u4e4e\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u6761\u601d\u60f3\u8def\u7ebf\u4ece\u610f\u8bc6\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u7ef4\u5ea6\u91cd\u65b0\u51fa\u53d1\u3002\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u4e0d\u662f\u8981\u5efa\u6784\u65b0\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8981\u56de\u5230\u4e00\u5207\u7406\u8bba\u5efa\u6784\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u539f\u521d\u7ecf\u9a8c\u2014\u2014&quot;\u56de\u5230\u4e8b\u60c5\u672c\u8eab&quot;\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>13.1 \u80e1\u585e\u5c14\uff1a\u610f\u5411\u6027\u4e0e\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u8fd8\u539f<\/h3>\n<p>\u57c3\u5fb7\u8499\u5fb7\u00b7\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u521b\u7acb\u4e86<strong>\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66<\/strong>\uff08Ph\u00e4nomenologie\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u4efb\u52a1\u662f\u63cf\u8ff0\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u5148\u5929\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u5e03\u4f26\u5854\u8bfa\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u53d1\u73b0\uff1a\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7279\u5f81\u662f<strong>\u610f\u5411\u6027<\/strong>\uff08Intentionalit\u00e4t\uff09\u2014\u2014\u610f\u8bc6\u603b\u662f&quot;\u5173\u4e8e\u67d0\u7269\u7684\u610f\u8bc6&quot;\u3002\u770b\u603b\u662f\u770b\u67d0\u7269\uff0c\u60f3\u603b\u662f\u60f3\u67d0\u7269\uff0c\u6015\u603b\u662f\u6015\u67d0\u7269\u3002\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684&quot;\u7eaf\u7cb9\u610f\u8bc6&quot;\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u88ab\u610f\u8bc6\u6240\u6307\u5411\u7684&quot;\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5bf9\u8c61&quot;\u3002\u610f\u8bc6\u4e0e\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u5272\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u610f\u5411\u884c\u4e3a\u90fd\u5305\u542b\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u610f\u5411\u6d3b\u52a8<\/strong>\uff08Noesis\uff09\uff1a\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u4e3b\u52a8\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5373&quot;\u770b&quot;&quot;\u60f3&quot;&quot;\u5224\u65ad&quot;\u7b49\u610f\u8bc6\u6d3b\u52a8\u672c\u8eab\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u610f\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61<\/strong>\uff08Noema\uff09\uff1a\u610f\u8bc6\u6240\u6307\u5411\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5373&quot;\u88ab\u770b\u5230\u7684&quot;&quot;\u88ab\u60f3\u5230\u7684&quot;&quot;\u88ab\u5224\u65ad\u7684&quot;\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4e8c\u8005\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u7ed3\u6784\u662f\u4e00\u5207\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u5148\u5929\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e3a\u4e86\u628a\u63e1\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u5148\u5929\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86<strong>\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u8fd8\u539f<\/strong>\uff08ph\u00e4nomenologische Reduktion\uff09\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u6b65\u9aa4\u662f<strong>\u60ac\u7f6e<\/strong>\uff08Epoch\u00e9\uff09\u2014\u2014\u628a\u5173\u4e8e\u5916\u90e8\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u662f\u5426\u6b63\u786e\u7b49&quot;\u81ea\u7136\u6001\u5ea6&quot;\u7684\u9884\u8bbe\u60ac\u7f6e\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u5426\u5b9a\u5b83\u4eec\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6682\u65f6&quot;\u52a0\u4e0a\u62ec\u53f7&quot;\uff0c\u4e0d\u52a0\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u96c6\u4e2d\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u4e8e\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u7ecf\u9a8c\u672c\u8eab\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u901a\u8fc7<strong>\u672c\u8d28\u8fd8\u539f<\/strong>\uff08eidetische Reduktion\uff09\uff0c\u4ece\u4e2a\u522b\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u76f4\u89c2\u5230\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ece\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7ea2\u8272\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u76f4\u89c2\u5230&quot;\u7ea2&quot;\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u901a\u8fc7<strong>\u5148\u9a8c\u8fd8\u539f<\/strong>\uff08transzendentale Reduktion\uff09\uff0c\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u4e00\u5207\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u6839\u636e\u2014\u2014<strong>\u5148\u9a8c\u81ea\u6211<\/strong>\uff08transzendentales Ego\uff09\u3002\u5148\u9a8c\u81ea\u6211\u4e0d\u662f\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u81ea\u6211\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u5207\u610f\u5411\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u6267\u884c\u8005\u548c\u4e00\u5207\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u8d4b\u4e88\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u665a\u671f\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86<strong>\u751f\u6d3b\u4e16\u754c<\/strong>\uff08Lebenswelt\uff09\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a\u5728\u4e00\u5207\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u5efa\u6784\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u3001\u6211\u4eec\u65e5\u5e38\u6240\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u539f\u521d\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u4ece\u751f\u6d3b\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u62bd\u8c61\u51fa\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u9057\u5fd8\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u4e16\u754c\u6839\u6e90\u3002\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u4e4b\u4e00\u5c31\u662f\u56de\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u88ab\u79d1\u5b66\u906e\u853d\u7684\u539f\u521d\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>13.2 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5728\u7684\u8ffd\u95ee\u3002\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a<strong>\u6c89\u6ca6<\/strong>\uff08Verfallen\uff09\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u7684\u5815\u843d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6b64\u5728\u9003\u907f\u81ea\u8eab\u6709\u9650\u6027\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u7b56\u7565\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u7eea\u80fd\u5c06\u6b64\u5728\u4ece\u6c89\u6ca6\u4e2d\u5524\u9192\uff1a<strong>\u754f<\/strong>\uff08Angst\uff09\u3002\u754f\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u6015\u2014\u2014\u6015\u6709\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff08\u6015\u86c7\u3001\u6015\u706b\uff09\uff0c\u754f\u5219\u6ca1\u6709\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u754f\u6240\u754f\u7684\uff0c\u662f&quot;\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4e4b\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728&quot;\u672c\u8eab\u2014\u2014\u662f\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u6709\u9650\u6027\u548c\u65e0\u6839\u57fa\u6027\u3002\u5728\u754f\u4e2d\uff0c\u65e5\u5e38\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u5173\u8054\u6574\u4f53\u584c\u9677\u4e86\uff0c\u6b64\u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u81ea\u8eab\u7684<strong>\u865a\u65e0<\/strong>\u6839\u57fa\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>\u5411\u6b7b\u800c\u751f\u4e0e\u672c\u771f\u6027<\/h4>\n<p>\u754f\u7684\u6781\u7aef\u5f62\u6001\u662f\u5bf9\u6b7b\u7684\u9762\u5bf9\u3002<strong>\u5411\u6b7b\u800c\u751f<\/strong>\uff08Sein-zum-Tode\uff09\u662f\u672c\u771f\u6b64\u5728\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u59ff\u6001\uff1a\u6b7b\u4ea1\u662f\u6b64\u5728\u6700\u672c\u5df1\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee3\u66ff\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u8d85\u8d8a\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u2014\u2014\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u80fd\u66ff\u6211\u53bb\u6b7b\u3002\u6b63\u89c6\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u6d88\u6781\u5730\u7b49\u5f85\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4ece\u5bf9\u6709\u9650\u6027\u7684\u89c9\u77e5\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u4e00\u79cd\u7d27\u8feb\u611f\uff0c\u903c\u8feb\u81ea\u5df1\u505a\u51fa\u672c\u771f\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u672c\u771f\u6027<\/strong>\uff08Eigentlichkeit\uff09\u4e0d\u662f\u8131\u79bb\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u7981\u6b32\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u5145\u5206\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u81ea\u8eab\u6709\u9650\u6027\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ece\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u51fa\u53d1\u505a\u51fa\u51b3\u65ad\uff0c\u627f\u62c5\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u5728\u672c\u771f\u6027\u4e2d\uff0c\u6b64\u5728\u4e0d\u518d\u9003\u907f\uff0c\u800c\u662f&quot;\u5148\u884c\u5230\u6b7b\u4e2d\u53bb&quot;\uff0c\u4ece\u800c&quot;\u81ea\u7531\u5730\u4e3a\u6b7b\u800c\u5b58\u5728&quot;\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>\u65f6\u95f4\u6027\u4e0e\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u610f\u4e49<\/h4>\n<p>\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u6700\u7ec8\u628a\u6b64\u5728\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u63ed\u793a\u4e3a<strong>\u65f6\u95f4\u6027<\/strong>\uff08Temporalit\u00e4t\uff09\uff1a\u6b64\u5728\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u7ed3\u6784\u2014\u2014\u66fe\u5728\uff08\u88ab\u629b\uff09\u3001\u5f53\u524d\uff08\u6c89\u6ca6\/\u7b79\u5212\uff09\u3001\u5c06\u6765\uff08\u5411\u6b7b\u800c\u751f\uff09\u2014\u2014\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6027\u7efd\u51fa\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0d\u662f\u5916\u5728\u7684\u5bb9\u5668\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6b64\u5728\u5b58\u5728\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u5c55\u5f00\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u65f6\u95f4\u6027\u662f\u8ffd\u95ee&quot;\u5b58\u5728\u4e4b\u610f\u4e49&quot;\u7684\u5173\u952e\u7ebf\u7d22\uff1a\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u5730\u5e73\u7ebf\u4e0a\u624d\u80fd\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u300a\u5b58\u5728\u4e0e\u65f6\u95f4\u300b\u7684\u6839\u672c\u6d1e\u89c1\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>13.3 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l&#8217;essence\uff09\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7269\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u672c\u8d28\u5148\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728\u2014\u2014\u5de5\u5320\u5148\u6709\u526a\u5200\u7684&quot;\u7406\u5ff5&quot;\uff08\u672c\u8d28\uff09\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u624d\u5236\u9020\u51fa\u526a\u5200\uff08\u5b58\u5728\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u4eba\u4e0d\u540c\uff1a\u4eba\u9996\u5148\u5b58\u5728\u3001\u51fa\u573a\u3001\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u906d\u9047\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u624d\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u5b9a\u4e49\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u5148\u5929\u7684\u4eba\u6027\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9884\u8bbe\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u4eba\u5c31\u662f\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u9020\u5c31\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u4e1c\u897f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u6b64\u63a8\u51fa<strong>\u6fc0\u8fdb\u81ea\u7531<\/strong>\uff08libert\u00e9 radicale\uff09\uff1a\u4eba\u662f\u88ab\u5224\u5b9a\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u662f&quot;\u53ef\u4ee5&quot;\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u800c\u662f&quot;\u5fc5\u987b&quot;\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u4e0d\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u4e0d\u662f\u4eba\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4eba\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u7ed3\u6784\u672c\u8eab\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u81ea\u6b3a<\/strong>\uff08mauvaise foi\uff09\u662f\u4eba\u9003\u907f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a\u4eba\u5047\u88c5\u81ea\u5df1&quot;\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u5982\u6b64&quot;\uff0c\u5047\u88c5\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u88ab\u73af\u5883\u3001\u6027\u683c\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u89d2\u8272\u6240\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u63a8\u5378\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u8428\u7279\u4e3e\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u8457\u540d\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5496\u5561\u9986\u4f8d\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a8\u4f5c\u90fd\u8fc7\u4e8e\u7cbe\u786e\u5730\u7b26\u5408&quot;\u4f8d\u8005&quot;\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u662f&quot;\u5728\u626e\u6f14\u4f8d\u8005&quot;\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u7528\u89d2\u8272\u6765\u906e\u76d6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u906e\u76d6\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u865a\u65e0<\/strong>\uff08le n\u00e9ant\uff09\u5728\u8428\u7279\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\u5360\u636e\u6838\u5fc3\u5730\u4f4d\uff1a\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u865a\u65e0\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a&quot;\u4e1c\u897f&quot;\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5bf9\u4e00\u5207\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\u548c\u8d85\u8d8a\u3002\u6b63\u56e0\u4e3a\u610f\u8bc6\u662f\u865a\u65e0\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u624d\u80fd\u8d85\u8d8a\u65e2\u6709\u7684\u5904\u5883\uff0c\u671d\u5411\u5c1a\u672a\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7b79\u5212\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u8d85\u8d8a\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u2014\u2014\u90fd\u6839\u690d\u4e8e\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u865a\u65e0\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8428\u7279\u533a\u5206\u4e86\u4e24\u79cd\u5b58\u5728\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u81ea\u5728\u5b58\u5728<\/strong>\uff08l&#8217;\u00eatre-en-soi\uff09\uff1a\u7269\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u65b9\u5f0f\u2014\u2014\u5145\u5b9e\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u900f\u660e\u7684\u3001\u6ca1\u6709\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u81ea\u4e3a\u5b58\u5728<\/strong>\uff08l&#8217;\u00eatre-pour-soi\uff09\uff1a\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u65b9\u5f0f\u2014\u2014\u7a7a\u865a\u7684\u3001\u81ea\u6211\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u3001\u6c38\u8fdc\u671d\u5411\u81ea\u8eab\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4eba\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u6210\u4e3a\u81ea\u5728\u5b58\u5728\uff08\u90a3\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6b7b\u4ea1\u6216\u7269\u5316\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u900f\u660e\u5730\u628a\u63e1\u81ea\u5df1\uff08\u56e0\u4e3a\u610f\u8bc6\u603b\u662f\u8d85\u51fa\u81ea\u8eab\uff09\u3002\u4eba\u6c38\u8fdc\u5904\u4e8e&quot;\u4e0d\u662f\u5176\u6240\u662f\u3001\u662f\u5176\u6240\u4e0d\u662f&quot;\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>13.4 \u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u5b9a\u4f4d<\/h3>\n<p>\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u4e0e\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ece\u610f\u8bc6\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u5b58\u5728\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u7ef4\u5ea6\uff0c\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u6839\u672c\u6027\u91cd\u5ba1\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u8ffd\u95ee\u4e86\u4e00\u5207\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u8bba\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u610f\u5411\u6027\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u751f\u6d3b\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u539f\u521d\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u628a\u8ffd\u95ee\u4ece\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u62c9\u56de\u5230\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\uff0c\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u6b64\u5728\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6027\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u5b58\u5728\u4e4b\u9057\u5fd8\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8428\u7279\u628a\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u63a8\u5411\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4e09\u8005\u5171\u540c\u74e6\u89e3\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u9884\u8bbe\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u662f\u5982\u5b9e\u5730\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5b83\uff1b\uff082\uff09\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684&quot;\u4eba\u7684\u672c\u8d28&quot;\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u662f\u53d1\u73b0\u5b83\u3002\u53d6\u800c\u4ee3\u4e4b\u7684\u662f\uff1a\u610f\u8bc6\u603b\u662f\u610f\u5411\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u603b\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4eba\u603b\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u5730\u81ea\u6211\u6784\u6210\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u7b2c\u5341\u56db\u7ae0 \u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u8f6c\u5411\uff1a\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u6e05\u7b97<\/h2>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u3001\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u4ece\u610f\u8bc6\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u8d28\u7591\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b66\u5219\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u770b\u4f3c\u6700\u4e0d\u8d77\u773c\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u2014\u2014<strong>\u8bed\u8a00<\/strong>\u2014\u2014\u53d1\u52a8\u4e86\u6700\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u6e05\u7b97\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>14.1 \u5f17\u96f7\u683c\uff1a\u6db5\u4e49\u4e0e\u6307\u79f0<\/h3>\n<p>\u6208\u7279\u6d1b\u5e03\u00b7\u5f17\u96f7\u683c\u88ab\u516c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u5960\u57fa\u4eba\u3002\u4ed6\u533a\u5206\u4e86\u8bed\u8a00\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u7684<strong>\u6db5\u4e49<\/strong>\uff08Sinn\uff09\u4e0e<strong>\u6307\u79f0<\/strong>\uff08Bedeutung\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>&quot;\u6668\u661f&quot;\u548c&quot;\u66ae\u661f&quot;\u6307\u79f0\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\uff08\u91d1\u661f\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u6db5\u4e49\u4e0d\u540c\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u5230\u8fbe\u540c\u4e00\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u4e0d\u540c&quot;\u65b9\u5f0f&quot;\u3002<\/li>\n<li>&quot;\u542f\u660e\u661f\u662f\u66ae\u661f&quot;\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5224\u65ad\u662f\u6709\u4fe1\u606f\u91cf\u7684\uff08\u7efc\u5408\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u6307\u79f0\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\u5b83\u662f&quot;\u91d1\u661f=\u91d1\u661f&quot;\uff08\u5206\u6790\u7684\uff09\u3002\u6b63\u56e0\u4e3a\u6db5\u4e49\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5224\u65ad\u624d\u4e0d\u662f\u540c\u4e49\u53cd\u590d\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u533a\u5206\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u56f0\u6270\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u96be\u9898\uff1a\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48&quot;\u542f\u660e\u661f\u662f\u66ae\u661f&quot;\u662f\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u800c&quot;\u91d1\u661f=\u91d1\u661f&quot;\u662f\u5e9f\u8bdd\uff1f\u7b54\u6848\u5728\u4e8e\u6db5\u4e49\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u6307\u79f0\u800c\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f17\u96f7\u683c\u8fd8\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3<strong>\u8c13\u8bcd\u903b\u8f91<\/strong>\uff0c\u7528\u51fd\u6570-\u81ea\u53d8\u5143\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u4e3b\u8bcd-\u8c13\u8bcd\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5f7b\u5e95\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u54f2\u5b66\u8bba\u8bc1\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>14.2 \u7f57\u7d20\uff1a\u903b\u8f91\u539f\u5b50\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u6479\u72b6\u8bcd\u7406\u8bba<\/h3>\n<p>\u4f2f\u7279\u5170\u00b7\u7f57\u7d20\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86<strong>\u903b\u8f91\u539f\u5b50\u4e3b\u4e49<\/strong>\uff08Logical Atomism\uff09\uff1a\u4e16\u754c\u7531\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684<strong>\u539f\u5b50\u4e8b\u5b9e<\/strong>\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u7406\u60f3\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u547d\u9898\u4e0e\u539f\u5b50\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e00\u4e00\u5bf9\u5e94\u3002\u590d\u6742\u7684\u547d\u9898\u662f\u539f\u5b50\u547d\u9898\u7684\u771f\u503c\u51fd\u9879\u3002\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u662f\u5206\u6790\u590d\u6742\u7684\u547d\u9898\uff0c\u63ed\u793a\u5176\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7f57\u7d20\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8457\u540d\u7684<strong>\u6479\u72b6\u8bcd\u7406\u8bba<\/strong>\uff08Theory of Descriptions\uff09\u6765\u89e3\u51b3&quot;\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e1c\u897f&quot;\u7684\u96be\u9898\u3002&quot;\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u56fd\u738b\u662f\u79c3\u5934&quot;\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53e5\u5b50\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u5417\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u6cd5\u56fd\u56fd\u738b\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5b83\u6307\u79f0\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u7f57\u7d20\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53e5\u5b50\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u5f62\u5f0f\u662f&quot;\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e14\u4ec5\u6709\u4e00\u4e2ax\uff0cx\u662f\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u56fd\u738b\uff0c\u4e14x\u662f\u79c3\u5934&quot;\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc7\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5224\u5b9a\u4e3a\u5047\u7684\uff08\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684x\uff09\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u547d\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u5411\u865a\u65e0\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u795e\u79d8\u53e5\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6479\u72b6\u8bcd\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u610f\u4e49\u662f\u5de8\u5927\u7684\uff1a\u5b83\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u65e5\u5e38\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u5f62\u5f0f\u906e\u853d\u4e86\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u5f88\u591a\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\uff08\u5982&quot;\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48&quot;&quot;\u975e\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48&quot;\uff09\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7531\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u6df7\u4e71\u9020\u6210\u7684\u4f2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>14.3 \u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\u524d\u671f\uff1a\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u754c\u9650<\/h3>\n<p>\u8def\u5fb7\u7ef4\u5e0c\u00b7\u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\u7684\u524d\u671f\u54f2\u5b66\uff08\u300a\u903b\u8f91\u54f2\u5b66\u8bba\u300b\uff09\u628a\u903b\u8f91\u539f\u5b50\u4e3b\u4e49\u63a8\u5411\u4e86\u6781\u81f4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6838\u5fc3\u601d\u60f3\u662f<strong>\u56fe\u50cf\u8bba<\/strong>\uff08Bildtheorie\uff09\uff1a\u547d\u9898\u662f\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u56fe\u50cf\uff08\u903b\u8f91\u56fe\u50cf\uff09\u3002\u547d\u9898\u4e0e\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5171\u4eab\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a<strong>\u903b\u8f91\u5f62\u5f0f<\/strong>\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u547d\u9898\u624d\u80fd\u63cf\u753b\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u754c\u9650\u5c31\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u754c\u9650\u2014\u2014&quot;\u6211\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u754c\u9650\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6211\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u754c\u9650&quot;\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u90a3\u4e2a\u8457\u540d\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a\u51e1\u662f\u80fd\u591f\u8bf4\u7684\uff0c\u90fd\u80fd\u591f\u8bf4\u6e05\u695a\uff1b\u51e1\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bf4\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u6c89\u9ed8\u3002\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u3001\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u7f8e\u5b66\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bd5\u56fe\u8c08\u8bba\u8d85\u9a8c\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u2014\u2014\u90fd\u5728\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u754c\u9650\u4e4b\u5916\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u65e0\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5bf9\u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u8bf4\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u7edd\u975e\u65e0\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\uff1b\u6070\u6070\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4f26\u7406\u3001\u5ba1\u7f8e\u3001\u751f\u547d\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e0d\u53ef\u8bf4\u4e4b\u7269\uff0c\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u79d1\u5b66\u547d\u9898\u8a00\u8bf4\uff0c\u5374\u5728\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u4e0e\u4f53\u9a8c\u4e2d\u81ea\u884c\u663e\u73b0\u3002&quot;\u8bf4&quot;\uff08sagen\uff09\u4e0e&quot;\u663e\u793a&quot;\uff08zeigen\uff09\u7684\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u662f\u524d\u671f\u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\u6700\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u6d1e\u89c1\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>14.4 \u903b\u8f91\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1a\u8bc1\u5b9e\u539f\u5219<\/h3>\n<p>\u53d7\u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\u524d\u671f\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u542f\u53d1\uff0c\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u5b66\u6d3e\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86<strong>\u903b\u8f91\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49<\/strong>\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u8bc1\u5b9e\u539f\u5219<\/strong>\uff08Verifikationsprinzip\uff09\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\u6709\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u5f53\u4e14\u4ec5\u5f53\u5b83\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8bc1\u5b9e\uff08\u6216\u5426\u8bc1\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6570\u5b66\u548c\u903b\u8f91\u547d\u9898\u662f\u5206\u6790\u7684\uff08\u91cd\u8a00\u5f0f\uff09\uff0c\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u4f46\u4e0d\u63d0\u4f9b\u5173\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u547d\u9898\u65e2\u4e0d\u662f\u5206\u6790\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8bc1\u5b9e\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u662f<strong>\u65e0\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u4f2a\u547d\u9898<\/strong>\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u5408\u6cd5\u4efb\u52a1\u662f<strong>\u903b\u8f91\u5206\u6790<\/strong>\u2014\u2014\u6f84\u6e05\u79d1\u5b66\u547d\u9898\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u6e05\u9664\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u6df7\u4e71\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u903b\u8f91\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u6253\u51fb\u662f\u6700\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\uff1a\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u662f&quot;\u9519\u8bef\u7684&quot;\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8bf4\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u6839\u672c\u5c31\u662f&quot;\u65e0\u610f\u4e49\u7684&quot;\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u5728\u8bf4\u8bdd\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e5f\u6ca1\u8bf4\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>14.5 \u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\u540e\u671f\uff1a\u8bed\u8a00\u6e38\u620f\u4e0e\u751f\u6d3b\u5f62\u5f0f<\/h3>\n<p>\u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\u540e\u671f\uff08\u300a\u54f2\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff09\u5f7b\u5e95\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u524d\u671f\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u4e0d\u518d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8bed\u8a00\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff08\u63cf\u753b\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8bed\u8a00\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u65e0\u6570<strong>\u8bed\u8a00\u6e38\u620f<\/strong>\uff08Sprachspiel\uff09\u6784\u6210\u7684\u5f02\u8d28\u5bb6\u65cf\u3002\u547d\u4ee4\u3001\u63cf\u8ff0\u3001\u63d0\u95ee\u3001\u8bb2\u7b11\u8bdd\u3001\u7948\u7977\u3001\u95ee\u5019\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u8bed\u8a00\u6e38\u620f\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5171\u540c\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u628a\u5b83\u4eec\u7edf\u4e00\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8bed\u8a00\u6e38\u620f\u4e4b\u95f4\u53ea\u6709<strong>\u5bb6\u65cf\u76f8\u4f3c<\/strong>\uff08Familien\u00e4hnlichkeit\uff09\u2014\u2014\u5c31\u50cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bb6\u65cf\u7684\u6210\u5458\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u9f3b\u5b50\u50cf\u3001\u6709\u7684\u773c\u775b\u50cf\u3001\u6709\u7684\u6b65\u6001\u50cf\uff0c\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u5171\u6709\u7684\u3002\u8bd5\u56fe\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u8bed\u8a00\u6e38\u620f\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u5171\u540c\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u662f\u4f20\u7edf\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u6839\u672c\u9519\u8bef\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8bed\u8a00\u6e38\u620f\u90fd\u5d4c\u5165\u5728\u4e00\u79cd<strong>\u751f\u6d3b\u5f62\u5f0f<\/strong>\uff08Lebensform\uff09\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u7406\u89e3\u4e00\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u5c31\u662f\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e00\u79cd\u751f\u6d3b\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u8bed\u8a00\u4e0d\u662f\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u3001\u88ab\u5b66\u4e60\u3001\u88ab\u6539\u53d8\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\u8fd8\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86<strong>\u79c1\u4eba\u8bed\u8a00\u8bba\u8bc1<\/strong>\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u53ea\u6709\u8bf4\u8bdd\u8005\u81ea\u5df1\u624d\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u8bed\u8a00\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u516c\u5171\u7684\u3001\u89c4\u5219\u9075\u5faa\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4f20\u7edf\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d&quot;\u5185\u7701\u5730\u628a\u63e1\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u72b6\u6001&quot;\u8fd9\u4e00\u9884\u8bbe\u662f\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u2014\u2014\u63cf\u8ff0\u5fc3\u7406\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u516c\u5171\u53ef\u68c0\u9a8c\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>14.6 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vs <strong>\u552f\u540d\u8bba<\/strong>\uff1b\u5965\u5361\u59c6\u5243\u5200\u74e6\u89e3\u7ecf\u9662\u7efc\u5408<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u7b2c\u4e94\u5c42\uff1a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u552f\u7406\u8bba<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\uff1a\u666e\u904d\u6000\u7591 \u2192 \u6211\u601d\u6545\u6211\u5728 \u2192 \u5929\u8d4b\u89c2\u5ff5 \u2192 \u5fc3\u7269\u4e8c\u5143\u8bba \u2192 \u8eab\u5fc3\u4ea4\u611f\u96be\u9898<\/li>\n<li>\u65af\u5bbe\u8bfa\u838e\uff1a\u552f\u4e00\u5b9e\u4f53\uff08\u795e\u5373\u81ea\u7136\uff09\u2192 \u5c5e\u6027\u4e0e\u6837\u5f0f \u2192 \u8eab\u5fc3\u5e73\u884c\u8bba<\/li>\n<li>\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\uff1a\u5355\u5b50\u8bba \u2192 \u9884\u5b9a\u548c\u8c10 \u2192 \u5927\u7406\u77f3\u7eb9\u8def\u8bf4<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u7b2c\u516d\u5c42\uff1a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8bba<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u57f9\u6839\uff1a\u56db\u5047\u8c61\u8bf4\u3001\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5f52\u7eb3\u6cd5\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\u5c31\u662f\u529b\u91cf<\/li>\n<li>\u6d1b\u514b\uff1a\u767d\u677f\u8bf4 \u2192 \u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u8d28\/\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6027\u7684\u8d28 \u2192 \u540d\u4e49\u672c\u8d28\/\u5b9e\u5728\u672c\u8d28<\/li>\n<li>\u8d1d\u514b\u83b1\uff1a\u5b58\u5728\u5c31\u662f\u88ab\u611f\u77e5 \u2192 \u6d88\u89e3\u7269\u8d28\u5b9e\u4f53<\/li>\n<li>\u4f11\u8c1f\uff1a\u5370\u8c61\/\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e4b\u5206 \u2192 \u6d88\u89e3\u5b9e\u4f53 \u2192 \u56e0\u679c\u5f8b\u662f\u6052\u5e38\u8054\u7ed3\u4e0e\u5fc3\u7406\u4e60\u60ef \u2192 \u6000\u7591\u8bba\u5371\u673a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u7b2c\u4e03\u5c42\uff1a\u5eb7\u5fb7\u603b\u95ee\u9898\u2014\u2014\u5148\u5929\u7efc\u5408\u5224\u65ad<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898\uff1a<strong>\u5148\u5929\u7efc\u5408\u5224\u65ad\u5982\u4f55\u53ef\u80fd<\/strong> \u2192 \u54e5\u767d\u5c3c\u5f0f\u9769\u547d<\/li>\n<li>\u5173\u952e\u5212\u754c\uff1a\u5148\u5929\/\u540e\u5929\u3001\u5206\u6790\/\u7efc\u5408\u3001<strong>\u5148\u9a8c\/\u8d85\u9a8c<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u7b2c\u516b\u5c42\uff1a\u5148\u9a8c\u611f\u6027\u8bba<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u611f\u6027<\/strong>\u7684\u88ab\u52a8\u63a5\u53d7\u6027\uff0c\u8d28\u6599\u4e0e\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e4b\u5206<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u7a7a\u95f4<\/strong>\uff08\u5916\u611f\u5b98\uff09\u3001<strong>\u65f6\u95f4<\/strong>\uff08\u5185\u611f\u5b98\uff0c\u66f4\u666e\u904d\uff09\u4e3a\u5148\u5929\u76f4\u89c2\u5f62\u5f0f<\/li>\n<li>\u5212\u754c\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a\u53ea\u80fd\u8ba4\u8bc6<strong>\u73b0\u8c61<\/strong>\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u8ba4\u8bc6<strong>\u7269\u81ea\u4f53<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u7b2c\u4e5d\u5c42\uff1a\u5148\u9a8c\u5206\u6790\u8bba<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u77e5\u6027<\/strong>\u7684\u4e3b\u52a8\u7efc\u5408\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u5341\u4e8c\u8303\u7574\uff08\u91cf\u3001\u8d28\u3001\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u6a21\u6001\uff09<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u5148\u9a8c\u6f14\u7ece<\/strong>\uff1a\u5148\u9a8c\u7edf\u89c9\u7684\u672c\u6e90\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u4e3a\u6700\u9ad8\u6839\u636e<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u56fe\u578b\u8bba<\/strong>\uff1a\u5148\u9a8c\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u56fe\u578b\u4e3a\u8303\u7574\u4e0e\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u4e2d\u4ecb<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u539f\u7406<\/strong>\uff1a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u7c7b\u6bd4\u4e3a\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u5960\u57fa<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u672c\u4f53<\/strong>\u4e3a\u6d88\u6781\u7684\u754c\u9650\u6982\u5ff5<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u7b2c\u5341\u5c42\uff1a\u5148\u9a8c\u8fa9\u8bc1\u8bba<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u7406\u6027<\/strong>\u8ffd\u6c42\u65e0\u6761\u4ef6\u7edf\u4e00\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e09\u4e2a\u7406\u5ff5\uff1a\u7075\u9b42\u3001\u5b87\u5b99\u6574\u4f53\u3001\u4e0a\u5e1d<\/li>\n<li>\u4e09\u7c7b\u5e7b\u76f8\uff1a\u8c2c\u8bef\u63a8\u7406\u3001<strong>\u4e8c\u5f8b\u80cc\u53cd<\/strong>\uff08\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u4e3a\u5173\u952e\uff09\u3001\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728\u8bc1\u660e\u6279\u5224<\/li>\n<li>\u7406\u5ff5\u7684<strong>\u8c03\u8282\u6027\u8fd0\u7528<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u5c42\uff1a\u5b9e\u8df5\u7406\u6027\u6279\u5224<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u5584\u826f\u610f\u5fd7<\/strong>\u4e3a\u552f\u4e00\u65e0\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u5584\uff0c\u4e49\u52a1\u8bba\u7acb\u573a<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u5b9a\u8a00\u547d\u4ee4<\/strong>\u4e09\u516c\u5f0f\uff1a\u666e\u904d\u6cd5\u5219\u3001\u4eba\u662f\u76ee\u7684\u3001\u76ee\u7684\u738b\u56fd<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u81ea\u5f8b<\/strong>\u4e3a\u9053\u5fb7\u6839\u636e\uff0c<strong>\u81ea\u7531<\/strong>\u4e3a\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u6839\u636e<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u81f3\u5584<\/strong>\u4e3a\u7ec8\u6781\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4e09\u5927<strong>\u516c\u8bbe<\/strong>\uff1a\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u7075\u9b42\u4e0d\u673d\u3001\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728<\/li>\n<li>\u5b9e\u8df5\u7406\u6027\u4f18\u5148\uff0c<strong>\u656c\u91cd<\/strong>\u4e3a\u72ec\u7279\u9053\u5fb7\u60c5\u611f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u7b2c\u5341\u4e8c\u5c42\uff1a\u5224\u65ad\u529b\u6279\u5224<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u5224\u65ad\u529b<\/strong>\u4e3a\u4e2d\u4ecb\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5206\u89c4\u5b9a\u6027\u4e0e\u53cd\u601d\u6027<\/li>\n<li>\u5148\u9a8c\u539f\u7406\uff1a<strong>\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u5408\u76ee\u7684\u6027<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u5ba1\u7f8e\u5224\u65ad\u529b\uff1a\u7f8e\u7684\u56db\u4e2a\u5951\u673a\u3001\u65e0\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u5408\u76ee\u7684\u6027\u3001<strong>\u5d07\u9ad8<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>\u76ee\u7684\u8bba\u5224\u65ad\u529b\uff1a\u81ea\u7136\u76ee\u7684\u3001\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u3001\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ec8\u6781\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u4eba<\/li>\n<li>\u8d2f\u901a\u81ea\u7136\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u9e3f\u6c9f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u7b2c\u5341\u4e09\u5c42\uff1a\u5fb7\u56fd\u89c2\u5ff5\u8bba<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u8d39\u5e0c\u7279\uff1a\u7edd\u5bf9\u81ea\u6211\u4e3a\u672c\u539f\uff0c\u6b63\u9898-\u53cd\u9898-\u5408\u9898\uff0c\u884c\u52a8\u4f18\u5148<\/li>\n<li>\u8c22\u6797\uff1a\u7edd\u5bf9\u540c\u4e00\u4e3a\u672c\u539f\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0e\u5148\u9a8c\u54f2\u5b66\u5e73\u884c\uff0c\u827a\u672f\u76f4\u89c2<\/li>\n<li>\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\uff1a\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5\uff08\u5185\u5728\u5426\u5b9a\u3001\u80af\u5b9a-\u5426\u5b9a-\u5426\u5b9a\u4e4b\u5426\u5b9a\uff09\u3001<strong>\u626c\u5f03<\/strong>\u3001\u81ea\u5728\/\u81ea\u4e3a\/\u81ea\u5728\u81ea\u4e3a\u3001\u5916\u5316\/\u5f02\u5316\u3001\u7edd\u5bf9\u7406\u5ff5\/\u7edd\u5bf9\u7cbe\u795e<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u7b2c\u5341\u56db\u5c42\uff1a\u5c3c\u91c7\u2014\u2014\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u6d88\u89e3<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6b7b\u4e86<\/strong>\uff1a\u6700\u9ad8\u4ef7\u503c\u8d2c\u9edc\u4e0e\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u964d\u4e34<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u6743\u529b\u610f\u5fd7<\/strong>\uff1a\u751f\u6210\u9ad8\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u8d85\u8d8a\u7684\u529b\u91cf<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u6c38\u6052\u8f6e\u56de<\/strong>\uff1a\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u80af\u5b9a<\/li>\n<li>\u9053\u5fb7\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66\uff1a<strong>\u4e3b\u4eba\u9053\u5fb7<\/strong> vs <strong>\u5974\u96b6\u9053\u5fb7<\/strong>\uff0c\u6028\u6068\u4e0e\u4ef7\u503c\u91cd\u4f30<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u8d85\u4eba<\/strong>\uff1a\u81ea\u6211\u8d85\u8d8a\u3001\u81ea\u6211\u7acb\u6cd5\u7684\u65b0\u4eba<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u7b2c\u5341\u4e94\u5c42\uff1a\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u2014\u2014\u552f\u7269\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u98a0\u5012\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\uff1a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b58\u5728\u51b3\u5b9a\u610f\u8bc6<\/li>\n<li>\u5386\u53f2\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1a\u751f\u4ea7\u65b9\u5f0f\uff08\u751f\u4ea7\u529b+\u751f\u4ea7\u5173\u7cfb\uff09\u2192 \u7ecf\u6d4e\u57fa\u7840 \u2192 \u4e0a\u5c42\u5efa\u7b51<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u5f02\u5316\u52b3\u52a8<\/strong>\u56db\u91cd\u89c4\u5b9a \u2192 \u5546\u54c1\u62dc\u7269\u6559 \u2192 <strong>\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001<\/strong>\u6279\u5224<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u5b9e\u8df5<\/strong>\uff08Praxis\uff09\uff1a\u611f\u6027\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u793e\u4f1a\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u7edf\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u884c\u52a8<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u7b2c\u5341\u516d\u5c42\uff1a\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u4e0e\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\uff1a<strong>\u610f\u5411\u6027<\/strong>\uff08Noesis\/Noema\uff09\u3001\u60ac\u7f6e\/\u672c\u8d28\u8fd8\u539f\/\u5148\u9a8c\u8fd8\u539f\u3001\u5148\u9a8c\u81ea\u6211\u3001\u751f\u6d3b\u4e16\u754c<\/li>\n<li>\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\uff1a\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u5dee\u5f02\u3001<strong>\u6b64\u5728<\/strong>\u3001\u5728\u4e16\u5b58\u5728\u3001\u4e0a\u624b\/\u73b0\u6210\u72b6\u6001\u3001\u88ab\u629b\u3001\u754f\u3001\u6c89\u6ca6\u3001\u5411\u6b7b\u800c\u751f\u3001\u672c\u771f\u6027\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u6027<\/li>\n<li>\u8428\u7279\uff1a<strong>\u5b58\u5728\u5148\u4e8e\u672c\u8d28<\/strong>\u3001\u6fc0\u8fdb\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u81ea\u6b3a\u3001\u81ea\u5728\u5b58\u5728\/\u81ea\u4e3a\u5b58\u5728\u3001\u865a\u65e0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u7b2c\u5341\u4e03\u5c42\uff1a\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u8f6c\u5411<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5f17\u96f7\u683c\uff1a\u6db5\u4e49\u4e0e\u6307\u79f0\u3001\u8c13\u8bcd\u903b\u8f91<\/li>\n<li>\u7f57\u7d20\uff1a\u903b\u8f91\u539f\u5b50\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u6479\u72b6\u8bcd\u7406\u8bba<\/li>\n<li>\u524d\u671f\u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\uff1a\u56fe\u50cf\u8bba\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u754c\u9650\u3001\u8bf4\u4e0e\u663e\u793a<\/li>\n<li>\u903b\u8f91\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1a\u8bc1\u5b9e\u539f\u5219\u3001\u62d2\u65a5\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66<\/li>\n<li>\u540e\u671f\u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\uff1a<strong>\u8bed\u8a00\u6e38\u620f<\/strong>\u3001\u5bb6\u65cf\u76f8\u4f3c\u3001\u751f\u6d3b\u5f62\u5f0f\u3001\u79c1\u4eba\u8bed\u8a00\u8bba\u8bc1<\/li>\n<li>\u84af\u56e0\uff1a\u6279\u5224\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8bba\u4e24\u4e2a\u6559\u6761\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e4b\u7f51\u3001\u6574\u4f53\u8bba<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u7b2c\u5341\u516b\u5c42\uff1a\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u53cd\u601d<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u6982\u5ff5\u7f16\u7ec7\u7684\u4e09\u91cd\u9884\u8bbe\uff1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u3001\u95ee\u9898\u9a71\u52a8<\/li>\n<li>\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u771f\u7406\u662f\u6574\u4f53\uff09vs \u8bed\u5883\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u610f\u4e49\u5373\u4f7f\u7528\uff09\u7684\u5f20\u529b\u4e0e\u8c03\u548c<\/li>\n<li>\u601d\u7ef4\u4e0e\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff1a\u8d2f\u7a7f\u5168\u90e8\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u6c38\u6052\u7ebf\u7d22<\/li>\n<li>\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\uff1a\u4e0d\u65ad\u626c\u5f03\u3001\u81ea\u6211\u8f6c\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u7b80\u5355\u7ec8\u7ed3<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u903b\u8f91\u5173\u7cfb\u7c7b\u578b\u603b\u7d22\u5f15<\/h2>\n<h3>\u4e00\u3001\u5960\u57fa\u5173\u7cfb<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u57fa\u7840\u6982\u5ff5<\/th>\n<th>\u6240\u5960\u57fa\u7684\u6982\u5ff5<\/th>\n<th>\u8bf4\u660e<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u672c\u539f<\/td>\n<td>\u5b58\u5728\u3001\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66<\/td>\n<td>\u5bf9\u672c\u539f\u7684\u8ffd\u95ee\u6df1\u5316\u4e3a\u5bf9\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u8ffd\u95ee<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5b58\u5728<\/td>\n<td>\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u3001\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66<\/td>\n<td>\u5bf9\u5b58\u5728\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6784\u6210\u7b2c\u4e00\u54f2\u5b66<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u6211\u601d\u6545\u6211\u5728<\/td>\n<td>\u5929\u8d4b\u89c2\u5ff5\u3001\u5fc3\u7269\u4e8c\u5143\u8bba<\/td>\n<td>\u6211\u601d\u662f\u5168\u90e8\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u963f\u57fa\u7c73\u5fb7\u70b9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5148\u9a8c\u7edf\u89c9<\/td>\n<td>\u8303\u7574\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u6709\u6548\u6027<\/td>\n<td>\u7edf\u89c9\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7edf\u4e00\u662f\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u6761\u4ef6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5584\u826f\u610f\u5fd7<\/td>\n<td>\u5b9a\u8a00\u547d\u4ee4<\/td>\n<td>\u5584\u826f\u610f\u5fd7\u901a\u8fc7\u5b9a\u8a00\u547d\u4ee4\u5f97\u5230\u89c4\u5b9a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u81ea\u7531<\/td>\n<td>\u81ea\u5f8b\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u6cd5\u5219<\/td>\n<td>\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u6cd5\u5219\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u6839\u636e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u751f\u4ea7\u65b9\u5f0f<\/td>\n<td>\u7ecf\u6d4e\u57fa\u7840\u3001\u4e0a\u5c42\u5efa\u7b51<\/td>\n<td>\u751f\u4ea7\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u4e00\u5207\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u57fa\u7840<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u610f\u5411\u6027<\/td>\n<td>\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5<\/td>\n<td>\u610f\u5411\u6027\u662f\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7ed3\u6784<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u6b64\u5728\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u8bba<\/td>\n<td>\u5b58\u5728\u4e4b\u8ffd\u95ee<\/td>\n<td>\u6b64\u5728\u662f\u8ffd\u95ee\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5207\u5165\u70b9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8bed\u8a00\u6e38\u620f<\/td>\n<td>\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u610f\u4e49<\/td>\n<td>\u610f\u4e49\u5728\u4e8e\u4f7f\u7528\u4e2d\u7684\u89c4\u5219<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u6743\u529b\u610f\u5fd7<\/td>\n<td>\u4ef7\u503c\u91cd\u4f30\u3001\u6c38\u6052\u8f6e\u56de<\/td>\n<td>\u6743\u529b\u610f\u5fd7\u662f\u751f\u547d\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u672c\u8d28<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u4e8c\u3001\u5bf9\u7acb\u5173\u7cfb<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u5bf9\u7acb\u9879A<\/th>\n<th>\u5bf9\u7acb\u9879B<\/th>\n<th>\u5bf9\u7acb\u6240\u5728<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u6d41\u53d8<\/td>\n<td>\u5b58\u5728<\/td>\n<td>\u8d6b\u62c9\u514b\u5229\u7279\u4e0e\u5df4\u95e8\u5c3c\u5fb7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7406\u5ff5\u4e16\u754c<\/td>\n<td>\u53ef\u611f\u4e16\u754c<\/td>\n<td>\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5f62\u5f0f<\/td>\n<td>\u8d28\u6599<\/td>\n<td>\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u7ed3\u6784<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5b9e\u5728\u8bba<\/td>\n<td>\u552f\u540d\u8bba<\/td>\n<td>\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u5171\u76f8\u4e4b\u4e89<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u552f\u7406\u8bba<\/td>\n<td>\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8bba<\/td>\n<td>\u8fd1\u4ee3\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u6839\u672c\u5206\u6b67<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5148\u9a8c<\/td>\n<td>\u8d85\u9a8c<\/td>\n<td>\u5408\u6cd5\u8fd0\u7528 vs \u7406\u6027\u50ed\u5984<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u73b0\u8c61<\/td>\n<td>\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\/\u672c\u4f53<\/td>\n<td>\u53ef\u77e5\u4e0e\u4e0d\u53ef\u77e5\u7684\u754c\u9650<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u81ea\u7531<\/td>\n<td>\u5fc5\u7136<\/td>\n<td>\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e0e\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u81ea\u5f8b<\/td>\n<td>\u4ed6\u5f8b<\/td>\n<td>\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0e\u975e\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u6839\u636e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5b9a\u8a00\u547d\u4ee4<\/td>\n<td>\u5047\u8a00\u547d\u4ee4<\/td>\n<td>\u65e0\u6761\u4ef6 vs \u6709\u6761\u4ef6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u4e3b\u4eba\u9053\u5fb7<\/td>\n<td>\u5974\u96b6\u9053\u5fb7<\/td>\n<td>\u5c3c\u91c7\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u9053\u5fb7\u7c7b\u578b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7ecf\u6d4e\u57fa\u7840<\/td>\n<td>\u4e0a\u5c42\u5efa\u7b51<\/td>\n<td>\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u5206\u6790<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u81ea\u5728\u5b58\u5728<\/td>\n<td>\u81ea\u4e3a\u5b58\u5728<\/td>\n<td>\u8428\u7279\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u5b58\u5728\u65b9\u5f0f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u672c\u771f\u6027<\/td>\n<td>\u975e\u672c\u771f\u6027<\/td>\n<td>\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u7684\u6b64\u5728\u5206\u6790<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8bf4<\/td>\n<td>\u663e\u793a<\/td>\n<td>\u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u754c\u9650<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u4e0a\u624b\u72b6\u6001<\/td>\n<td>\u73b0\u6210\u72b6\u6001<\/td>\n<td>\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u533a\u5206<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u4e09\u3001\u6d3e\u751f\u5173\u7cfb<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u6e90\u6982\u5ff5<\/th>\n<th>\u6d3e\u751f\u6982\u5ff5<\/th>\n<th>\u6d3e\u751f\u65b9\u5f0f<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5224\u65ad\u903b\u8f91\u5f62\u5f0f<\/td>\n<td>\u8303\u7574\u8868<\/td>\n<td>\u4ece\u5224\u65ad\u529f\u80fd\u63a8\u5bfc\u8303\u7574<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7406\u6027\u7684\u8d85\u9a8c\u8fd0\u7528<\/td>\n<td>\u5148\u9a8c\u5e7b\u76f8<\/td>\n<td>\u8303\u7574\u8d8a\u754c\u4ea7\u751f\u5e7b\u76f8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5b87\u5b99\u6574\u4f53\u7406\u5ff5<\/td>\n<td>\u4e8c\u5f8b\u80cc\u53cd<\/td>\n<td>\u8ffd\u95ee\u65e0\u6761\u4ef6\u603b\u4f53\u4ea7\u751f\u77db\u76fe<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5b9a\u8a00\u547d\u4ee4<\/td>\n<td>\u4eba\u662f\u76ee\u7684\u3001\u76ee\u7684\u738b\u56fd<\/td>\n<td>\u4ece\u666e\u904d\u6cd5\u5219\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u81f3\u5584\u7684\u8981\u6c42<\/td>\n<td>\u7075\u9b42\u4e0d\u673d\u3001\u4e0a\u5e1d\u516c\u8bbe<\/td>\n<td>\u4e3a\u5fb7\u798f\u4e00\u81f4\u9884\u8bbe<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7edd\u5bf9\u7406\u5ff5<\/td>\n<td>\u81ea\u7136\uff08\u5916\u5316\uff09<\/td>\n<td>\u7406\u5ff5\u8d70\u51fa\u81ea\u8eab<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\u4e0e\u751f\u4ea7\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u77db\u76fe<\/td>\n<td>\u9636\u7ea7\u6597\u4e89<\/td>\n<td>\u751f\u4ea7\u65b9\u5f0f\u5185\u90e8\u77db\u76fe\u63a8\u52a8\u5386\u53f2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5f02\u5316\u52b3\u52a8<\/td>\n<td>\u5546\u54c1\u62dc\u7269\u6559\u3001\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001<\/td>\n<td>\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u52b3\u52a8\u5f02\u5316\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8868\u73b0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u6b64\u5728\u7684\u88ab\u629b<\/td>\n<td>\u754f\u3001\u6c89\u6ca6<\/td>\n<td>\u6b64\u5728\u5728\u4e16\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u60c5\u7eea<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u56fe\u50cf\u8bba<\/td>\n<td>\u8bf4\u4e0e\u663e\u793a\u7684\u533a\u5206<\/td>\n<td>\u8bed\u8a00\u754c\u9650\u7684\u5212\u5b9a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8bed\u8a00\u6e38\u620f\u7684\u5f02\u8d28\u6027<\/td>\n<td>\u5bb6\u65cf\u76f8\u4f3c<\/td>\n<td>\u5bf9\u7edf\u4e00\u672c\u8d28\u8bba\u7684\u5426\u5b9a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u6b7b<\/td>\n<td>\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u4ef7\u503c\u91cd\u4f30<\/td>\n<td>\u6700\u9ad8\u4ef7\u503c\u5d29\u584c\u540e\u5fc5\u987b\u91cd\u4f30\u4e00\u5207<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u56db\u3001\u4e2d\u4ecb\u5173\u7cfb<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u4e2d\u4ecb<\/th>\n<th>\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u4e24\u7aef<\/th>\n<th>\u8bf4\u660e<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5148\u9a8c\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\/\u56fe\u578b<\/td>\n<td>\u611f\u6027 \u2194 \u77e5\u6027<\/td>\n<td>\u65f6\u95f4\u56fe\u578b\u8fde\u63a5\u8303\u7574\u4e0e\u76f4\u89c2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5224\u65ad\u529b<\/td>\n<td>\u77e5\u6027 \u2194 \u7406\u6027<\/td>\n<td>\u7b2c\u4e09\u6279\u5224\u7684\u4e2d\u4ecb\u80fd\u529b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5408\u76ee\u7684\u6027<\/td>\n<td>\u81ea\u7136 \u2194 \u81ea\u7531<\/td>\n<td>\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4e0e\u76ee\u7684\u8bba\u8d2f\u901a\u4e24\u4e2a\u9886\u57df<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u626c\u5f03<\/td>\n<td>\u80af\u5b9a \u2194 \u5426\u5b9a\u4e4b\u5426\u5b9a<\/td>\n<td>\u8fa9\u8bc1\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u8fc7\u6e21\u73af\u8282<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5916\u5316<\/td>\n<td>\u903b\u8f91\u7406\u5ff5 \u2194 \u81ea\u7136\/\u7cbe\u795e<\/td>\n<td>\u7406\u5ff5\u5b9e\u73b0\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u73af\u8282<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5b9e\u8df5\uff08Praxis\uff09<\/td>\n<td>\u7406\u8bba \u2194 \u884c\u52a8<\/td>\n<td>\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u6253\u7834\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u4e8c\u5206<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u751f\u6d3b\u4e16\u754c<\/td>\n<td>\u79d1\u5b66\u4e16\u754c \u2194 \u539f\u521d\u7ecf\u9a8c<\/td>\n<td>\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u8fde\u63a5\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u65e5\u5e38<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u751f\u6d3b\u5f62\u5f0f<\/td>\n<td>\u8bed\u8a00\u6e38\u620f \u2194 \u4eba\u7c7b\u6d3b\u52a8<\/td>\n<td>\u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\u8fde\u63a5\u8bed\u8a00\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u4e94\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u5173\u7cfb<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u6761\u4ef6<\/th>\n<th>\u88ab\u6761\u4ef6\u8005<\/th>\n<th>\u8bf4\u660e<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7a7a\u95f4\/\u65f6\u95f4<\/td>\n<td>\u611f\u6027\u76f4\u89c2\/\u6570\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6<\/td>\n<td>\u65f6\u7a7a\u662f\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5148\u5929\u5f62\u5f0f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8303\u7574<\/td>\n<td>\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5bf9\u8c61\/\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66<\/td>\n<td>\u8303\u7574\u4f7f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5148\u9a8c\u7edf\u89c9<\/td>\n<td>\u4e00\u5207\u8ba4\u8bc6<\/td>\n<td>\u7edf\u89c9\u662f\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u6839\u636e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u81ea\u7531<\/td>\n<td>\u9053\u5fb7\u6cd5\u5219<\/td>\n<td>\u65e0\u81ea\u7531\u5219\u65e0\u9053\u5fb7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u751f\u4ea7\u529b<\/td>\n<td>\u751f\u4ea7\u5173\u7cfb<\/td>\n<td>\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\u51b3\u5b9a\u751f\u4ea7\u5173\u7cfb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u610f\u5411\u6027<\/td>\n<td>\u4e00\u5207\u610f\u8bc6\u6d3b\u52a8<\/td>\n<td>\u610f\u5411\u6027\u662f\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u5148\u5929\u7ed3\u6784<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u65f6\u95f4\u6027<\/td>\n<td>\u5b58\u5728\u4e4b\u610f\u4e49<\/td>\n<td>\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\uff1a\u5b58\u5728\u610f\u4e49\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u5c55\u5f00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8bed\u8a00\u89c4\u5219<\/td>\n<td>\u6982\u5ff5\u610f\u4e49<\/td>\n<td>\u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\uff1a\u610f\u4e49\u7531\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u516c\u5171\u4f7f\u7528\u51b3\u5b9a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u6c38\u6052\u8f6e\u56de<\/td>\n<td>\u751f\u547d\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u80af\u5b9a<\/td>\n<td>\u4ee5\u6c38\u6052\u8f6e\u56de\u68c0\u9a8c\u751f\u547d\u7684\u80af\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u516d\u3001\u9650\u5236\/\u5212\u754c\u5173\u7cfb<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u5212\u754c\u8005<\/th>\n<th>\u88ab\u5212\u754c\u8005<\/th>\n<th>\u8bf4\u660e<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u611f\u6027\u5f62\u5f0f<\/td>\n<td>\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5bf9\u8c61\u8303\u56f4<\/td>\n<td>\u53ea\u80fd\u8ba4\u8bc6\u65f6\u7a7a\u4e2d\u7684\u73b0\u8c61<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u73b0\u8c61\u754c<\/td>\n<td>\u7406\u8bba\u77e5\u8bc6\u754c\u9650<\/td>\n<td>\u7406\u8bba\u77e5\u8bc6\u6b62\u4e8e\u73b0\u8c61<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u754c\u9650<\/td>\n<td>\u53ef\u8bf4\u4e4b\u7269\u7684\u8303\u56f4<\/td>\n<td>\u524d\u671f\u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\u7684\u5212\u754c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8bc1\u5b9e\u539f\u5219<\/td>\n<td>\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u547d\u9898\u7684\u8303\u56f4<\/td>\n<td>\u903b\u8f91\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5212\u754c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u6b64\u5728\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6027<\/td>\n<td>\u5b58\u5728\u4e4b\u8ffd\u95ee\u7684\u89c6\u91ce<\/td>\n<td>\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\uff1a\u5b58\u5728\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u663e\u73b0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u793e\u4f1a\u5b58\u5728<\/td>\n<td>\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u6027<\/td>\n<td>\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\uff1a\u610f\u8bc6\u53d7\u793e\u4f1a\u5b58\u5728\u5236\u7ea6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u4e03\u3001\u53d1\u5c55\/\u8f6c\u5316\u5173\u7cfb<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u524d\u9636\u6bb5<\/th>\n<th>\u540e\u9636\u6bb5<\/th>\n<th>\u8f6c\u5316\u65b9\u5f0f<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7406\u5ff5-\u73b0\u8c61<\/td>\n<td>\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7269\u81ea\u4f53-\u73b0\u8c61<\/td>\n<td>\u6734\u7d20\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u2192\u5148\u9a8c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5148\u9a8c\u5e7b\u76f8<\/td>\n<td>\u5b9e\u8df5\u7406\u6027\u7684\u516c\u8bbe<\/td>\n<td>\u8d85\u9a8c\u7406\u5ff5\u4ece\u8ba4\u8bc6\u975e\u6cd5\u2192\u5b9e\u8df5\u5408\u6cd5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5eb7\u5fb7\u4e8c\u5143\u8bba<\/td>\n<td>\u8d39\u5e0c\u7279\u81ea\u6211\u4e00\u5143\u8bba<\/td>\n<td>\u53d6\u6d88\u7269\u81ea\u4f53<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8d39\u5e0c\u7279\u4e3b\u89c2\u8bba<\/td>\n<td>\u8c22\u6797\u540c\u4e00\u54f2\u5b66<\/td>\n<td>\u8865\u5145\u81ea\u7136\u7ef4\u5ea6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8c22\u6797\u65e0\u5dee\u522b\u540c\u4e00<\/td>\n<td>\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u8fa9\u8bc1\u7cbe\u795e<\/td>\n<td>\u65e0\u5dee\u522b\u2192\u8fa9\u8bc1\u53d1\u5c55<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u7cbe\u795e\u5f02\u5316<\/td>\n<td>\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u52b3\u52a8\u5f02\u5316<\/td>\n<td>\u7cbe\u795e\u9886\u57df\u2192\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u9886\u57df<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5<\/td>\n<td>\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u552f\u7269\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5<\/td>\n<td>\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u2192\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u57fa\u7840<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66<\/td>\n<td>\u5c3c\u91c7\u4ef7\u503c\u91cd\u4f30<\/td>\n<td>\u4f53\u7cfb\u5efa\u6784\u2192\u4ef7\u503c\u6d88\u89e3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u610f\u8bc6\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66<\/td>\n<td>\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66<\/td>\n<td>\u610f\u8bc6\u7ed3\u6784\u2192\u5b58\u5728\u65b9\u5f0f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u5b58\u5728\u8bba<\/td>\n<td>\u8428\u7279\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49<\/td>\n<td>\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u2192\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u524d\u671f\u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\uff08\u56fe\u50cf\u8bba\uff09<\/td>\n<td>\u540e\u671f\u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\uff08\u8bed\u8a00\u6e38\u620f\uff09<\/td>\n<td>\u7edf\u4e00\u672c\u8d28\u8bba\u2192\u591a\u5143\u4f7f\u7528\u8bba<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u903b\u8f91\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u8bc1\u5b9e\u539f\u5219\uff09<\/td>\n<td>\u84af\u56e0\u6574\u4f53\u8bba<\/td>\n<td>\u6559\u6761\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8bba\u2192\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e4b\u7f51<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5206\u6790\/\u7efc\u5408\u4e25\u683c\u533a\u5206<\/td>\n<td>\u84af\u56e0\u53d6\u6d88\u8be5\u533a\u5206<\/td>\n<td>\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6846\u67b6\u91cd\u7ec4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>\u5168\u7f51\u603b\u56fe<\/h2>\n<pre><code class=\"language-Plaintext\">\u524d\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95           \u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u4f53\u7cfb           \u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa            \u8fd1\u4ee3\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\n\u672c\u539f\u2500\u2500\u2192\u5b58\u5728(\u5df4\u95e8\u5c3c\u5fb7)\u2500\u2500\u2192\u7406\u5ff5(\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe)\u2500\u2500\u2192\u5171\u76f8\u4e4b\u4e89\u2500\u2500\u2192\u4e3b\u4f53\/\u5ba2\u4f53\n \u2502         \u2502                 \u2502           \u5b9e\u5728\u8bba\/\u552f\u540d\u8bba      \u2502\n \u2193         \u2193                 \u2193                            \u2193\n\u903b\u5404\u65af   \u5b9e\u4f53(\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7)  \u73b0\u8c61\/\u672c\u8d28                    \u552f\u7406\u8bba\u2500\u2500\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\n\u539f\u5b50\/\u865a\u7a7a \u5f62\u5f0f\/\u8d28\u6599                                      \u65af\u5bbe\u8bfa\u838e\n          \u6f5c\u80fd\/\u73b0\u5b9e                                      \u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\n          \u56db\u56e0\u8bf4                                            \u2502\n          \u4e0d\u52a8\u7684\u63a8\u52a8\u8005                                      \u2502\n                                                           \u2193\n\u667a\u8005\u6d3e\u2500\u2500\u2192\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95                                         \u7ecf\u9a8c\u8bba\u2500\u2500\u57f9\u6839\n          \u52a9\u4ea7\u672f                                            \u56db\u5047\u8c61\n                                                            \u6d1b\u514b\n                                                            \u8d1d\u514b\u83b1\n                                                            \u4f11\u8c1f\u2500\u2500\u2192\u56e0\u679c\u5f8b\u6000\u7591\n                                                                   \u2502\n                                                                   \u2193\n                                                          \u5eb7\u5fb7\uff1a\u54e5\u767d\u5c3c\u5f0f\u9769\u547d\n                                                                   \u2502\n                  \u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518\n                  \u2193                      \u2193\n            \u5148\u9a8c\u611f\u6027\u8bba             \u5148\u9a8c\u5206\u6790\u8bba\n            \u7a7a\u95f4\/\u65f6\u95f4              \u8303\u7574\/\u7edf\u89c9\/\u56fe\u578b\n            \u73b0\u8c61\/\u7269\u81ea\u4f53            \u7eaf\u7cb9\u77e5\u6027\u539f\u7406\n                  \u2502                      \u2502\n                  \u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518\n                             \u2193\n                       \u5148\u9a8c\u8fa9\u8bc1\u8bba\n                       \u7406\u6027\/\u7406\u5ff5\n                       \u4e8c\u5f8b\u80cc\u53cd\/\u5148\u9a8c\u5e7b\u76f8\n                             \u2502\n                             \u2193\n                       \u5b9e\u8df5\u7406\u6027\u6279\u5224\n                       \u5584\u826f\u610f\u5fd7\/\u5b9a\u8a00\u547d\u4ee4\n                       \u81ea\u5f8b\/\u81ea\u7531\/\u81f3\u5584\n                       \u5b9e\u8df5\u7406\u6027\u7684\u516c\u8bbe\n                             \u2502\n                             \u2193\n                       \u5224\u65ad\u529b\u6279\u5224\n                       \u5ba1\u7f8e\/\u7f8e\/\u5d07\u9ad8\n                       \u76ee\u7684\u8bba\/\u81ea\u7136\u76ee\u7684\n                             \u2502\n                             \u2193\n                   \u5fb7\u56fd\u89c2\u5ff5\u8bba\n                       \u2193           \u2193\n                 \u8d39\u5e0c\u7279\uff1a\u81ea\u6211   \u8c22\u6797\uff1a\u7edd\u5bf9\u540c\u4e00\n                       \u2502           \u2502\n                       \u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518\n                             \u2193\n                       \u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u4f53\u7cfb\n                   \u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5\/\u626c\u5f03\/\u7edd\u5bf9\u7cbe\u795e\n                             \u2502\n                             \u2193\n                          \u5c3c\u91c7\n                    \u4e0a\u5e1d\u6b7b\u4e86\/\u6743\u529b\u610f\u5fd7\n                    \u6c38\u6052\u8f6e\u56de\/\u4ef7\u503c\u91cd\u4f30\n                             \u2502\n              \u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510\n              \u2193              \u2193              \u2193\n          \u9a6c\u514b\u601d         \u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\/\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49    \u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b66\n     \u5386\u53f2\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49       \u80e1\u585e\u5c14\uff1a\u610f\u5411\u6027    \u5f17\u96f7\u683c\uff1a\u6db5\u4e49\/\u6307\u79f0\n     \u5f02\u5316\u52b3\u52a8           \u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\uff1a\u6b64\u5728    \u7f57\u7d20\uff1a\u903b\u8f91\u539f\u5b50\u4e3b\u4e49\n     \u5b9e\u8df5\/\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001      \u8428\u7279\uff1a\u5b58\u5728\u5148\u4e8e    \u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\u524d\u671f\uff1a\u56fe\u50cf\u8bba\n     \u5546\u54c1\u62dc\u7269\u6559         \u672c\u8d28\/\u6fc0\u8fdb\u81ea\u7531     \u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\u540e\u671f\uff1a\u8bed\u8a00\u6e38\u620f\n                                        \u84af\u56e0\uff1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e4b\u7f51\n              \u2502              \u2502              \u2502\n              \u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518\n                             \u2193\n                       \u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u53cd\u601d\n                  \u7cfb\u7edf\u4e3b\u4e49 vs \u8bed\u5883\u4e3b\u4e49\n                  \u601d\u7ef4\u4e0e\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6c38\u6052\u5f20\u529b\n                  \u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\uff1a\u7ec8\u7ed3\u8fd8\u662f\u8f6c\u5316\uff1f\n                             \u2193\n                  \u6982\u5ff5\u4ece\u6765\u4e0d\u662f\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u969c\u788d\uff0c\n                        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